Places > Europe
Europe
Basics to get you started
Romanticism in France
Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution
Architecture and liturgy
A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art
Medieval manuscripts, an introduction
The Bestiary
Skins and scraps
The work of the scribe
Making books for profit in medieval times
Medieval supermodels
Clasps: hugging a medieval book
Medieval books in leather (and other materials)
The medieval origins of the modern footnote
Medieval notepads
Early Christianity, an introduction
Byzantine art, an introduction
Iconoclastic controversies
Carolingian art, an introduction
Romanesque art, an introduction
Romanesque architecture, an introduction
Medieval churches: sources and forms
Jewish history to the middle ages
Becoming modern in 19th-century Europe, an introduction
Romanticism, an introduction
Early Photography: Niépce, Talbot, and Muybridge
Impressionism, an introduction
How the Impressionists got their name
Northern Renaissance art under Burgundian rule
Florence in the Early Renaissance
The painting of Paul Cézanne, an introduction
Early applications of linear perspective
Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction
Galileo Galilei
Galileo and the science of nature
Linear Perspective: Brunelleschi’s Experiment
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 1 of 4): Setting the stage
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 2 of 4): Martin Luther
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 3 of 4): Varieties of Protestantism
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 4 of 4): The Counter-Reformation
Listening to the medieval book
Manuscripts: major works of art
Chivalry in the Middle Ages
Ottonian art, an introduction
The Black Death
The Age of Enlightenment, an introduction
Illustrating a 15th-century Italian altarpiece
Looking east: how Japan inspired Monet, Van Gogh and other Western artists
Decoding Anglo-Saxon art
The Renaissance in Spain
How to recognize Italian Renaissance art
Medieval goldsmiths
Classicism and the Early Middle Ages
Burgundy in the 15th century, an introduction
15th-century Flanders, an introduction
Impressionism as optical realism: Monet
Impressionism: painting modern life
The Medici collect the Americas
15th-century Spanish painting, an introduction
The Medieval and Renaissance Altarpiece
Neo-Impressionist Color Theory
Who’s who? How to recognize saints…
Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages
Images of African Kingship, Real and Imagined
Sex, Power, and Violence in the Renaissance Nude
Types of renaissance patronage
The Pont-Aven School and Synthetism
The bestiary (book of beasts) in the medieval world, an introduction
Japonisme
The Nabis and Decorative Art
The Nabis and Symbolism
Confronting power and violence in the renaissance nude
Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade
Late Byzantine church architecture
Making Manuscripts: The Page
Iconoclasm in the Netherlands in the 16th century
Rewriting history: damnatio memoriae in ancient Rome
Staging the Egyptian Harem for Western Eyes
Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity
The Formation of a French School: the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
Architecture in 18th-century Germany
Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction
Tiny timeline: global Europe
Napoleon’s appropriation of Italian cultural treasures
Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages
Illuminated Greek Gospel-books
Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy
Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages
Cecily Brown on medieval sculptures of the Madonna and Child
Middle Byzantine secular art
Maria Sibylla Merian, an introduction
Henry VIII and the Reformation
Illumination of Jewish biblical texts
The role of the workshop in Italian renaissance art
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The visual culture of Norman Sicily
Josiah Wedgwood: Tycoon of Taste
Mapping the world
Byzantium, Kyivan Rus’, and their contested legacies
The Council of Trent and the call to reform art
Greek painters in renaissance Venice
The Buddha’s long “journey” to Europe and Africa
Preparatory drawing during the Italian renaissance, an introduction
Humanism in renaissance Italy
Humanism in Italian renaissance art
Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period
The role of the workshop in late medieval and early modern northern Europe
A primer for Italian renaissance art
The global Baroque, an introduction
Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts
The Rise and Fall of the Avis Dynasty in Portugal, an introduction
Pilgrimage souvenirs
The Italian renaissance court artist
The status of the artist in renaissance Italy
Making Greek vases
Ancient Greek vase production and the black-figure technique
Olympic games
Greek sanctuaries as artistic hubs
Cycladic art, an introduction
Minoan art, an introduction
Mycenaean art, an introduction
Commemorating the Dead in Greek Geometric Art
Tiny timeline: Archaic Greece in a global context
Roman wall painting styles
Digging through time: Archaeology in Rome
Roman domestic architecture: the insula
Roman domestic architecture: the villa
The rediscovery of Pompeii and the other cities of Vesuvius
Pompeii, an introduction
Seizure of Looted Antiquities Illuminates What Museums Want Hidden
Italo-Roman building techniques
Obelisks and ancient Rome
The Modern Invention of Ancient White Marble
The Etruscans, an introduction
Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy
The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy
The English castle: dominating the landscape
Medieval synagogues in Toledo, Spain
Dante’s Divine Comedy in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance art
Oil paint in Venice
Devotional confraternities (scuole) in Renaissance Venice
Saving Venice
Guido Mazzoni and Renaissance Emotions
Venetian glass, an introduction
Michelangelo: Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
Leonardo: Anatomist
Leonardo and his drawings
Renaissance woman: Isabella d’Este
Raphael, an introduction
Printmaking in Europe, c. 1400−1800
Tiny timelines: Michelangelo in context
Replicating Michelangelo
The Sack of Rome in 1527
Caravaggio and Caravaggisti in 17th-century Europe
Restoring ancient sculpture in Baroque Rome
Porcelain, gold, and the Dutch East India Company
Why make a self-portrait?
Charles I as art collector
Rococo art, an introduction
The Tiepolo Family
Eugène Delacroix, an introduction
Constable and the English landscape
J.M.W. Turner at Tate Britain
The Pre-Raphaelites, an introduction
The Aesthetic Movement
Pablo Picasso’s Early Work
Inventing Cubism
Italian Futurism: An Introduction
The Case for Abstraction
Abstract art and Theosophy
Cubism and multiple perspectives
Salon Cubism
Synthetic Cubism, Part I
Synthetic Cubism, Part II
Umberto Boccioni and the Futurist City
Futurist Free Word Painting
De Stijl, Part I: Total Purity
De Stijl, Part II: Near-Abstraction and Pure Abstraction
De Stijl, Part III: The Total De Stijl Environment
The Bauhaus, an Introduction
The Bauhaus: Marcel Breuer
The Bauhaus: Marianne Brandt
The Bauhaus and Bau
Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), an introduction
An interview with Anselm Kiefer
Describing what you see: Sculpture, Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure
The vibrant visual cultures of the Islamic West, an introduction
Wangechi Mutu on Egon Schiele
Marcel Duchamp and the Viewer
Murals and Public Art in 1930s Rome
What is: Degenerate Art?
Latin American artists learning in Paris
Danh Vo Interview: Art Should Estrange
The Wiener Werkstätte
“Creative iconoclasm”: a tale of two monasteries
How did Lucian Freud present queer and marginalized bodies?
Zineb Sedira – ‘The Personal is Political’
A brief history of the representation of the body in Western painting
About chronological periods in the Islamic world
Arts of the Islamic world
Conserving Old Master Drawings
Dada Collage
Dada Manifesto
Dada Pataphysics
Dada Politics
Dada Readymades
Der Blaue Reiter
Drawing with charcoal: historical techniques of 19th-century France
Examining a 17th-century frame
Examining a Panel Painting
Expressionism, an introduction
Fauve Landscapes and City Views
Fauvism, an introduction
Finding the Lost Crucifix in a Perugino Panel Painting
Finding the Original Context of Rosselli’s Kneeling Angel
Formalism I: Formal Harmony
Formalism II: Truth to Materials
Franz Marc and the animalization of art
Jewish history 1750 to WW II
Jewish history in the post-war period
Kandinsky, Apocalypse, Abstraction
Ancient Persia, an introduction
Local art appropriation in France—a study of the loot in the Louvre Museum
Making a Spanish polychrome sculpture
Modern art and reality
Mona Hatoum – ‘Nothing Is a Finished Project’
Paleolithic art, an introduction
Primitivism and Modern Art
Surrealism and Psychoanalysis
Surrealism and Women
Surrealism, an introduction
Surrealism: Origins and Precursors
Surrealist Exhibitions
Surrealist Photography
Surrealist Techniques: Automatism
Surrealist Techniques: Collage
Surrealist Techniques: Subversive Realism
Simultanism: Robert Delaunay
The Neolithic revolution
The Science of Van Gogh’s Bedrooms
The Umayyads, an introduction
The YBAs: The London-based Young British Artists
What is Melencolia?
What X-Rays of a Vivarini Reveal About Its Past
Linear perspective explained
The Case for Conceptual Art
A brief history of the representation of the body in Western sculpture
A brief history of Western culture
Cubist Sculpture I
Cubist Sculpture II
Florence in the Late Gothic period, an introduction
Expressionism as Nordic?
Damnatio memoriae—Roman sanctions against memory
Realism, an introduction
Constructivism, Part II
How to recognize Baroque art
The rise of the Ottoman Empire
Contemporary art, an introduction
The vita icon in the medieval era
Ancient Greece, an introduction
The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art
Retro style in the Renaissance
The Case for Surrealism
The Case for Minimalism
The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red
Kazimir Malevich and Cubo-Futurism
Investigating Rothko’s Technique
How to paint like Willem de Kooning
How to paint like Mark Rothko
Ellen Gallagher: Cutting
Neoclassicism, an introduction
Rome’s history in four faces at The Met
Surrealism: Imagining A New World
An interview with artist Ogawa Machiko
Dada Performance
An interview with Sunil Gupta
The Case for Ai Weiwei
The Case for Mark Rothko
Impressionist color
Impressionist pictorial space
Naeem Mohaiemen
Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine
Gothic architecture explained
Gothic architecture, an introduction
The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art
The medieval calendar
Ancient Roman art, an introduction
Greek Vase-Painting, an introduction
Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian
Atmospheric perspective explained
Chiaroscuro explained
Contrapposto explained
The Alchemy of Color and Chemical Change in Medieval Manuscripts
Wearable art in Byzantium
What does “Impressionism” mean?
What were the crusades?
Why commission artwork during the renaissance?
Women in Roman art
Ancient and Byzantine mosaic materials
Illuminating the Psalms in Byzantium
Renaissance Watercolours: materials and techniques
Russian Neo-Primitivism: Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov
Suprematism, Part I: Kazimir Malevich
Suprematism, Part II: El Lissitzky
Recording and representing India: the East India Company’s landscape practices
The impact of the crusades
Fahrelnissa Zeid – ‘She Was the East and the West’
Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
A brief history of the art museum
The reception of African art in the West
The Black Atlantic: Toppled Monuments and Hidden Histories
Remaking a fourteenth-century triptych
Baroque art, an introduction
An interview with Robert Frank
Book illumination in the Eastern Mediterranean
Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period
Decorating the book
The origins of Byzantine architecture
Expression and modern art
Classical orders of architecture explained
A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books
Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine
Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
Common types of mosque architecture
Lee Ufan
Mark Rothko (at MoMA)
Middle Byzantine church architecture
Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
Paintings in the early Islamic world
How was crusading justified?
Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture
Trafficking the past
What can be done to protect cultural heritage?
The Protestant Reformation
Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
Arts of the Islamic world: The early period
Arts of the Islamic world: The later period
The Miracle of the Black Leg
What is: brutalism?
The Geometric period, an introduction
Art Appreciation: Religion—comparisons and connections
Art Appreciation: Nature—comparisons and connections
Works of Art
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Periods, Cultures, Styles
See All (131)
Metaphysical art
1910–1924
Minoan
c. 3000–1450 B.C.E.
Ancient Aegean
c. 3200–1050 B.C.E.
Cycladic
c. 3000–2000 B.C.E.
Mycenaean
c. 1600–1050 B.C.E.
Ancient Greek
c. 1100–31 B.C.E.
Etruscan
c. 800–500 B.C.E.
Protoarchaic
c. 700–600 B.C.E.
Pompeii
c. 800 B.C.E.–79 C.E.
Persian (Achaemenid Empire)
c. 550–330 B.C.E.
Roman Republic
c. 509–27 B.C.E.
Early Christian
c. 150–700
Early Byzantine
c. 330–843
Medieval
c. 330–1453
Byzantine
c. 330–1453
Hunnic
c. 300–500 C.E.
Early Medieval
c. 500–1000
Umayyad
661–750
Carolingian
c. 780–900
Middle Byzantine
c. 843–1204
Ottonian
c. 936–1015
Celtic
c. 600 B.C.E.–100 C.E.
Romanesque
c. 1000–1200
Gothic
c. 1100–1500
Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire
c. 1204–61
Late Byzantine
1261–1453
Late Gothic
c. 1300–1400
Renaissance
1400–1600
Northern Renaissance
c. 1400–1600
Italian Renaissance
c. 1400–1600
Spanish and Portuguese Renaissance
c. 1400–1600
Post-Byzantine
1453 and after
Northern Mannerism
c. 1500–1600
Mannerism
c. 1520–1600
Italian Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Eastern European Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Flemish Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Spanish Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Rococo
c. 1700–75
Neoclassicism
c. 1760–1830
Romanticism
c. 1800–1848
Victorian
1837–1901
Realism
c. 1830–80
Pre-Raphaelitism
c. 1848–98
Second Empire
1852–70
Aestheticism
c. 1862–1900
Post-Impressionism
c. 1880–1900
Symbolism
c. 1880–1910
Vienna Secession
c. 1897–1914
School of Paris
c. 1904–39
Fauvism
c. 1904–10
Expressionism
1905–14
Cubism
1907–39
Futurism
1909–17
Orphism
1912–14
Dada
1913–24
De Stijl
1917–31
Bauhaus
1919–33
New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit)
c. 1920–30
Surrealism
1922–c. 1950
Nazi and fascist visual culture
1933–45
Pop Art
c. 1956–1975 and after
Arte Povera
c. 1965–80
The Crusades
c. 1095–1291
Ancient Mediterranean
c. 5000 B.C.E.–400 C.E.
Early Roman Empire
c. 27 B.C.E.–117 C.E.
Ancient Roman
c. 753 B.C.E.–410 C.E.
Russian Constructivism
1915–34
Ottoman
1298–1924
Minimalism
c. 1959–75
Geometric period
c. 1100–700 B.C.E.
Archaic
c. 600–480 B.C.E.
Early Classical
480–450 B.C.E.
Early Victorian
1837–51
Mid-Victorian
c. 1851–70
Late Victorian
c. 1875–1901
Conceptual art
c. 1960–70 and after
Arts and Crafts
c. 1860–1920
Gothic Revival
Mid-18th century–late 19th century
Suprematism
1913–34
Beaux-Arts
19th–early 20th century
Burgundian
c. 15th century
Norman
c. 900–1200
Socialist Realism
1934–91
Italian Mannerism
1520–90
Impressionism
c. 1870–1920
Academic
1648–today
Age of Enlightenment
17th–18th century
Portuguese Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Art brut
c. 1940–65
Fluxus
1962–79
Nasrid dynasty
1232–1492
Mudéjar
c. 12th–early 17th century
Middle Roman Empire
c. 117–235 C.E.
Late Roman Empire
c. 235–410 C.E.
Peredvizhniki
c. 1863–1923
Late Classical
400–323 B.C.E.
High Classical
450–400 B.C.E.
Hellenistic
323–31 B.C.E.
Art Nouveau
c. 1880–1910
Yuan dynasty
1271–1368
Viking Age
c. 8th–13th century
Dutch Baroque
c. 1600–1700
French Baroque
c. 1600–1700
English Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Nabis
1888–1900
Purism
1918–25
Russian avant-garde
c. 1918–41
Liao dynasty
907–1125
Brutalist
1960s–70s
Late Medieval
c. 1400–1500
Wiener Werkstätte
1903–32
Mozarabic
c. late 9th–10th century
Young British Artists (YBA)
c. 1988–2000
Early photography
c. 1826–85
Manueline
late 14th–mid-16th century
Egyptian Revival
Capitalist Realism
1961–today
Aleut (Unangan)
to today
Prehistoric
before 2000 B.C.E.
Paleolithic
before 10,000 B.C.E.
Neolithic
c. 10,000–2000 B.C.E.
Mongol Empire
1206–1368
Postcolonial
1776–the present
Modernisms
c. 1900–1980
International Style
c. 1920–1980
Late Modernism/Postmodernism
1962–today
Contemporary
1980–today
Moldavian
c. 1346–1859
Wallachian
1330–1859
