The lure of the American Southwest: E. Martin Hennings, Rabbit Hunt

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Dr. Beth Harris: [0:11] We’re here in the History Colorado Center, looking at a painting from the collection of the Denver Art Museum by an artist named E. Martin Hennings called “Rabbit Hunt” from about 1925.

[0:00] Although it’s called “Rabbit Hunt,” we’re not actually looking at a rabbit hunt.

Dr. Jennifer Henneman: [0:23] We’re looking at the successful results of a rabbit hunt. It almost seems as if Hennings is less concerned with the outcome of the rabbit hunt and more concerned with the participants.

[0:33] The mounted figure has a commanding presence formally in terms of the amount of space he takes up, but further, his gaze downwards towards the rabbit is in fact one of the few clues we have that there is a dead rabbit in this painting, since it is so heavily shadowed.

Dr. Harris: [0:47] In some ways, the subject doesn’t seem to be the rabbit at all, but rather color and light.

Dr. Henneman: [0:52] Light is certainly one of the primary reasons why a group of largely Euro-American artists moved from Chicago and New York after training in Munich and Paris to the very small outpost of Taos, New Mexico. Taos is located at about 7,000 ft. above sea level on a high desert plateau surrounded by stunning mountains.

[1:12] One of the first artists to go to Taos was Sharp, in 1893, but it wasn’t until 1915 that the Taos Society of Artists was formed there. Also, the tourism industry, which exploded in the early 20th century thanks to the growth of railroads and marketing materials, many of which were produced by artists such as these. There was a heavy draw to the American West and Southwest for the purposes of recreation and pleasure.

Dr. Beth Harris: [0:00] There still is. So these artists were looking for something that felt quintessentially American.

Dr. Henneman: [1:43] These were academically trained artists who were looking for subjects they considered particularly fresh and particularly American. These were the landscapes but also the cultures there. The Taos Pueblo Indians and also the Hispanic people who lived in the area and had for many years.

Dr. Beth Harris: [1:59] Often when I think about Western paintings I think about paintings of cowboys and Indians that show a tension between those groups.

Dr. Henneman: [2:07] Western American art is often pigeonholed as being documentary when in fact these are flights of artistic imagination. Hennings is not interested in dressing up his figures in outdated clothing or traditional garb but rather he is interested in the day-to-day.

[2:27] We see the mounted figure in a tennis sweater and khakis but he wears his hair long, braided, and wrapped with cloth, and his moccasins are actually Cheyenne moccasins — we know this because of the design elements — and these would have been regularly traded between tribes. The Cheyenne were known for their moccasins.

Dr. Harris: [2:42] You see instead of tension between cultures, this is long past the Indian Wars now, a wonderful commentary on cultural exchange as emblematized by attire.

Dr. Henneman: [2:53] It’s so nice to not see an image that is stereotyped in terms of the clothing. There is still something romanticizing here but at the same time, they’re located in the modern world. They’re not transported to a distant, exotic past.

Dr. Harris: [3:03] They’re rooted in that particular climate, of that particular season, and in the activities of their daily life. Wearing the attire of their daily life, which does include more traditional blankets, such as you see in the figure in the foreground.

Dr. Henneman: [3:16] When artists came from Chicago, they were looking for something that was authentically American. Something more tied to the land than the rapid urban development that was happening at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Dr. Harris: [3:33] The authentic American is being defined in contrast to the urban industrial, and this is partly why this work could be considered romanticized.

Dr. Henneman: [3:41] I feel like it would be remiss not to think about the history of the Pueblo people. The history of a US government that was actively involved in military campaigns against Native Americans for centuries.

Dr. Harris: [3:54] The people of the Taos Pueblo did seem to be less touched by modern society because they had maintained residence in their traditional pueblo for centuries. In fact, it was the Spanish who enacted the most grief upon the Taos Pueblo Indians centuries before, and so their colonial history is one that was rooted much deeper.

[4:14] The Indian Wars that we know were those that were fought in Comanche territory in Texas and then northward up towards the Canadian border. This region, while not untouched, did have a slightly different expression of that history because these people were not forced onto reservations in the same way that others were.

Dr. Henneman: [4:31] Let’s go back to the painting itself.

Dr. Harris: [4:34] This painting at first strikes us because of its beautiful formal qualities. The color of the robe, the flattening of the background because of the thunderstorm which results in the brilliant light in the foreground, and these wonderful shadows which Hennings has treated with purples and greens.

Dr. Henneman: [4:49] We can see that Hennings has obscured the front legs of the horse, so he’s not very readable. The bottom part of the hind legs have disappeared into the brush. I even noticed the way that he’s cut off the snout by the overlapping of the figure in the foreground.

[5:04] This idea of capturing a moment that includes the incompleteness of a form in the way that we might actually see something if we were passing by.

Dr. Harris: [5:12] He very much considered himself academically trained, but here we see that his personal expression is certainly influenced by the artwork that he is seeing in Europe. The work feels and looks very modern, and I think in that way provides an insight for people who have not been able to visit the American Southwest, into one artist’s experience of that space.

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[1] From Angela L. Miller, Janet Catherine Berlo, Bryan J. Wolf, and Jennifer L. Roberts, American Encounters: Art, History, and Cultural Identity (Washington University Libraries, 2018), p. 494. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Learn more about this painting at the Denver Art Museum

What are some terms and issues to consider when learning about Native American arts and culture? 

What was the Taos Revolt of 1847? How did it demonstrate tensions between the Pueblo and the US government in the 19th century?

Learn about the Fred Harvey Company’s role in promoting tourism in the West

Read a biography of Fred Harvey

Look at the Fred Harvey Company records

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Key points

• The Taos Pueblo Indians have maintained residence for centuries in what is now New Mexico. Their history was deeply affected by the Spanish colonial presence.
• The people in the painting wear 20th-century clothing as well as items that refer to their cultural identity as Pueblo people. This imagery disrupts the stereotype of the American Indian as belonging only to the past.
• In the early 20th century, the American Southwest became a popular destination for tourists. Railroads made travel easier and developed marketing materials promoting the region as a site for recreation.
• The landscape and the mix of Taos Pueblo Indians and Hispanic cultures drew academically-trained artists from cities like New York and Chicago. They were looking for fresh and distinctly American subjects that differed from the industrialized places the artists had come from.

More to think about

Compare Henning’s representation of Native Americans in Rabbit Hunt to photographs by Edward Curtis. How might images of Native Americans have contributed to perceptions about American Indians today?