South America c. 1500–1900

Viceroyalty of Peru

1542–1824 C.E.

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The Viceroyalty of Peru, controlled by Spain, was founded after the defeat of the Inka in 1534. It encompassed modern-day Peru as well as much of the rest of South America (the Portuguese controlled what is today Brazil).

Viceroyalty of New Granada

c. 1717–1822 C.E.

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The Spanish empire split the Viceroyalty of Peru apart, forming the Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Viceroyalty of New Granada encompasses the modern-day countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

c. 1776–1810 C.E.

The Spanish empire split the Viceroyalty of Peru apart, forming the Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata roughly spanned across the modern-day countries of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Colonial Brazil

1500–1815 C.E.

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The Treaty of Tordesillas allowed the Portuguese to claim the easternmost portion of South America. The Dutch also claimed parts of what is today Brazil for a time.

Amazonia

19th–20th century C.E.

The Indigenous peoples of Brazil.