Smarthistory Logo
Smarthistory Logo
  • About
      • ABOUT SMARTHISTORY
      • What is Smarthistory?
      • Who is Smarthistory?
      • Is Smarthistory reliable?
      • Museum and institutional partners
      • Major donors
      • Press coverage
      • Our blog
      • Give us feedback
      • Contact us

      • At Smarthistory, the Center for Public Art History, we believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background.

        With 503 contributors from 201 colleges, universities, museums, and research centers, Smarthistory is the most-visited art history resource in the world.

  • For Learning
      • ART HISTORIES
      • Start here
      • Prehistoric
      • Africa
      • Americas
      • Asia
      • Ancient Mediterranean + Europe
      • Medieval Europe + Byzantine
      • The Islamic World
      • Europe 1300–1800
      • Europe 1800–1900
      • Pacific Islands
      • Modernisms 1900–1980
      • Art since 1980
      • TOPICS & COURSES
      • Art Appreciation
      • AP® Art History
      • A-Level Art History
      • History of photography
      • Creating and conserving
      • SPECIAL PROJECTS
      • The U.S. Civil War in Art
      • Seeing America
      • Not your grandfather’s art history: a BIPOC Reader
      • ARCHES: At-risk Cultural Heritage
      • Expanding the Renaissance
      • Across Cultures
      • Virtual Visits
  • Books
      • SMARTHISTORY BOOKS
      • Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook
      • Guide to Byzantine Art
      • Guide to Ancient Roman Art
      • Guide to AP® Art History vol. 1 (#1–47)
      • Guide to AP® Art History vol. 2 (#48–98)
      • Guide to AP® Art History vol. 3 (#99–152)
      • See complete collection of titles
      • NEW TITLES
        • reframing art history cover smReframing Art History
          a new kind of textbook
        • Byzantine cover jpgGuide to Byzantine art
  • For Teaching
      • TOOLS FOR TEACHING
      • All content for teaching
      • Webinars past & present
      • Teaching with images: K-12
      • Syllabi
      • Do-it-yourself tools
        • UPCOMING EVENT
          • Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings

            Oct.18.2023

            1:00–1:30 PM ET

            BIPOC Reader: Teaching Practices and Strategies with…

        • PAST EVENT
          • Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings

            Apr.06.2022

            The Kaaba with Dr. Nancy Demerdash

  • Support
      • SUPPORT SMARTHISTORY
      • Donate
      • Contribute an essay

      • We created Smarthistory to provide students around the world with the highest-quality educational resources for art and cultural heritage—for free.

  • Search

All Results

Generic filters
Search in excerpt

A-level

  • Visual analysis
    • Why look at art?
    • A-level: How to do visual (formal) analysis
    • Describing what you see: Sculpture, Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure
    • Glossary
    • Painting
      • Looking at paintings
      • Ways of looking: Expression and modern art
      • Key terms + concepts
        • Chiaroscuro explained
        • Foreshortening explained
        • Linear perspective explained
        • Atmospheric perspective explained
        • Art Terms in Action—Tint, Shade, and Tone
        • A brief history of the representation of the body in Western painting
      • Materials + techniques + processes
        • Art Terms in Action—Paint
        • Oil paint
        • The conservator’s eye—Anselm Kiefer, Bohemia Lies by the Sea
        • Tempera paint
        • The conservator’s eye—Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian
        • Gold-ground panel painting
        • Making Green—Tempera versus Oil
        • Making Purple—The Science of Art
    • Sculpture
      • A brief history of the representation of the body in Western sculpture
      • Contrapposto explained
      • The conservator’s eye—Marble statue of a wounded warrior
      • Quarrying and carving marble
      • Carving Marble with Traditional Tools
      • Bronze Casting Using the “Lost Wax” Technique
      • Adriaen de Vries’s bronze casting technique: direct lost-wax method
    • Architecture
      • The Greek architectural orders
  • Themes
    • Nature in art and architecture
      • Specified artists + architects
        • Albrecht Dürer
          • About the artist
          • Woodcuts and engravings
          • The Large Piece of Turf
          • Adam and Eve
          • Browse Dürer on Smarthistory
        • J.M.W. Turner
          • Turner at Tate Britain
          • The Harbor of Dieppe
          • The Fighting Temeraire
          • Slave Ship
          • Snow Storm
          • Rain, Steam, and Speed — The Great Western Railway
        • Claude Monet
          • Impressionism, an introduction
          • How the Impressionists got their name
          • Cliff Walk at Pourville
          • Art and Context—Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville and Malevich’s White on White
          • Les Nymphéas (The Water Lilies)
          • Poplars
          • The Basin at Argenteuil
          • Browse Monet on Smarthistory
        • Georgia O’Keeffe
          • The Lawrence Tree
        • Giambologna
          • Abduction of a Sabine Woman
        • Barbara Hepworth
          • Sheltered by the sea, Barbara Hepworth’s Pelagos
        • John Nash
          • Royal Pavilion, Brighton
        • Antoni Gaudí
          • Sagrada Família
        • Frank Lloyd Wright
          • Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City
      • Non-European works
        • Hokusai, Under the Wave off Kanagawa (The Great Wave)
        • Double-headed serpent
        • Tipu’s Tiger
        • Ai Weiwei: Sunflower Seeds
        • Ai Weiwei, Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds)
        • Angkor Wat
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Landscape + seascape
        • Animals
        • Plants
        • The elements
        • Relationship between wo/man and nature
        • Architecture influenced by nature
      • Sample set of works
    • Identities in art and architecture
      • Specified artists + architects
        • Jan van Eyck
          • The Arnolfini Portrait
          • The Ghent Altarpiece
          • The Madonna in the Church
          • Portrait of a Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?)
        • Rembrandt
          • Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves: The Three Crosses
          • Bathsheba at Her Bath
          • Self-Portrait with Saskia
          • Aristotle with a Bust of Homer
          • Girl at a Window
          • The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
          • The Night Watch
          • The Jewish Bride
        • Élisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun
          • Self-Portrait with her Daughter
          • Self-Portrait
          • Madame Perregaux
        • Vincent van Gogh
          • Self-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin
          • Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear
          • Browse van Gogh on Smarthistory
        • Jean-Antoine Houdon
          • George Washington
        • Yinka Shonibare
          • The Swing (After Fragonard)
        • Marc Quinn
          • Self
        • Zaha Hadid
          • MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts
      • Non-European works
        • Liu Chunhua, Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
        • Shirin Neshat, Rebellious Silence, Women of Allah series
        • Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja)
        • A-level: Benin Plaques
        • Michel Tuffery, Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000)
        • A Buddha from Mathura
        • Sacred space and symbolic form at Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho (India)
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • The divine
        • Portraits in 2D works
        • Portraits in 3D works
        • Gender identity
        • Ethnic identity
        • Identity in architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • War in art and architecture
      • Specified artists + architects
        • Eugène Delacroix
          • Liberty Leading the People
          • Scene of the Massacre at Chios
          • The Death of Sardanapalus
        • Francisco Goya
          • The Third of May, 1808
          • And there’s nothing to be done from The Disasters of War
          • Browse Goya on Smarthistory
        • Pablo Picasso
          • Guernica
          • Browse Picasso on Smarthistory
        • Otto Dix
          • Art in Nazi Germany
        • Edward Lutyens
          • British Art and Literature During WWI
      • Non-European works
        • Night Attack on the Sanjô Palace
        • Haniwa Warrior
        • Ibrahim El-Salahi, Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • War in 2D works
        • Leaders
        • Participants in war
        • Places affected by war
        • War memorials
        • Defensive + commemorative architecture
      • Sample set of works
  • Periods
    • Renaissance in Italy
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Renaissance art basics
        • How to recognize Italian Renaissance art
        • Florence in the Early Renaissance
        • Types of renaissance patronage
        • Venetian art, an introduction
        • Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction
        • A beginner’s guide to Mannerism
        • The Protestant Reformation
        • Introduction to gender in renaissance Italy
      • Specified artists
        • Giovanni Bellini
          • St. Francis in the Desert (or St. Francis in Ecstasy)
          • San Zaccaria Altarpiece
          • San Giobbe Altarpiece
          • The Feast of the Gods (essay)
          • The Feast of the Gods (video)
        • Sandro Botticelli
          • The Birth of Venus
          • La Primavera (Spring)
          • Dissecting Botticelli’s Adoration of the Magi
          • Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo il Vecchio de’ Medici
        • Raphael
          • Galatea
          • La belle jardinière (Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist)
          • Madonna of the Goldfinch
          • Marriage of the Virgin
          • Pope Leo X
          • School of Athens
          • The Alba Madonna
          • Portrait of Pope Julius II
        • Donatello
          • David
          • Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata
          • St. Mark
          • Mary Magdalene
          • Feast of Herod
          • Madonna of the Clouds
          • Orsanmichele and Donatello’s Saint Mark, Florence
        • Tullio Lombardo
          • The Conservation of Tullio Lombardo’s Adam
        • Michelangelo
          • About Michelangelo
          • David
          • The many meanings of Michelangelo’s David
          • Pietà
          • Slaves
          • Moses
          • Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
          • Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel
          • Saint Peter’s Basilica
          • Medici Chapel (New Sacristy)
          • Laurentian Library
          • Studies for the Libyan Sibyl (recto); Studies for the Libyan Sibyl and a small Sketch for a Seated Figure (verso)
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Religious paintings
        • Religious sculpture
        • Mythological works
        • Portraits
        • Religious architecture
        • Secular architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • Baroque in Catholic Europe
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Baroque art, an introduction
        • How to recognize Baroque art
        • Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution
      • Specified artists
        • Caravaggio
          • Narcissus at the Source
          • Calling of St. Matthew
          • The Conversion of St. Paul (or The Conversion of Saul)
          • Crucifixion of St. Peter
          • The Supper at Emmaus
          • Deposition (or Entombment)
          • Death of the Virgin
        • Peter Paul Rubens
          • Elevation of the Cross
          • The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus
          • The Presentation of the Portrait of Marie de’ Medici
          • Arrival (or Disembarkation) of Marie de Medici at Marseilles
          • Venus, Mars and Cupid
          • The Consequences of War
        • Diego Velázquez
          • The Waterseller of Seville
          • Los Borrachos (The Drunks), also known as The Triumph of Bacchus
          • Vulcan’s Forge
          • The Surrender of Breda
          • Juan de Pareja
          • Las Meninas
        • Gian Lorenzo Bernini
          • Pluto and Proserpina (or The Rape of Proserpina)
          • David
          • Apollo and Daphne
          • Baldacchino, Saint Peter’s
          • Bust of Medusa
          • Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
          • Cathedra Petri (Chair of St. Peter)
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Religious painting
        • Religious sculpture
        • Mythological painting
        • Mythological sculpture
        • Portraits
        • Landscape
        • Still life or genre
        • Religious architecture
        • Secular architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • British and French Avant-Garde
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Becoming Modern, an introduction
        • A beginner’s guide to Realism
        • Haussmann the Demolisher and the creation of modern Paris
        • Impressionism, an introduction
        • How the Impressionists got their name
        • Japonisme
        • Looking east—how Japan inspired Monet, Van Gogh and other Western artists
        • A beginner’s guide to the Pre-Raphaelites
        • The Aesthetic Movement
        • Art Nouveau
      • Specified artists
        • William Holman Hunt
          • Claudio and Isabella
          • Our English Coasts (Strayed Sheep)
          • The Awakening Conscience
        • Édouard Manet
          • Music in the Tuileries Gardens
          • Olympia
          • Le déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)
          • The Railway
          • Émile Zola
          • The Balcony
          • Plum Brandy
          • In the Conservatory
          • Corner of a Café-Concert
          • A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
        • Paul Gauguin
          • Self-Portrait with Portrait of Émile Bernard (Les misérables)
          • Vision after the Sermon (or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)
          • Nevermore
          • The Red Cow
          • Spirit of the Dead Watching
          • Oviri
          • Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?
        • Edgar Degas
          • The Bellelli Family
          •  At the Races in the Countryside
          • The Dance Class
          • Visit to a Museum
        • Auguste Rodin
          • The Walking Man
          • The Burghers of Calais
          • The Gates of Hell
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Painting of working life
        • Painting of leisure
        • Religious painting
        • Mythological + literary works
        • The female figure
        • Commemorative sculpture
        • Public architecture
        • Domestic architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • Modernism in Europe
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Expressionism, an introduction
        • Modern art and reality
      • Specified artists
        • Henri Matisse
          • Luxe, calme et volupté
          • Bonheur de Vivre
          • Dance I
          • The Red Studio
          • Goldfish
          • The Piano Lesson
        • Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
          • Self-Portrait As a Soldier
          • Street, Dresden
          • Street, Berlin
        • Georges Braque
          • Le Viaduc à L’Estaque, (The Viaduct at L’Estaque)
          • The Portuguese
        • Constantin Brancusi
          • The Kiss
          • Bird in Space
        • Alberto Giacometti
          • The Palace at 4 a.m.
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Urban life
        • Primitive ideas
        • The female figure
        • Portraits
        • Landscape
        • Still life
        • Figure sculpture
        • Commercial + public architecture
        • Domestic architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • British + American contemporary art + architecture
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Pop Art
        • Contemporary Art, an introduction
      • Specified artists
        • Andy Warhol
          • Why is this art? Andy Warhol, Campbell’s Soup Cans
          • Gold Marilyn Monroe
          • Marilyn Diptych
        • Chris Ofili
          • The Holy Virgin Mary
        • Judy Chicago
          • Omega, and Judy Chicago, Pasadena Lifesaver, Blue Series, Number 4
        • Mary Kelly
          • Mary Kelly, Post-Partum Document
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Portraits
        • 3D objects
        • Abstraction + non-objective
        • Figurative work
        • Performance + video
        • Installation
        • Land + earth art
        • Commercial + public architecture
        • Domestic architecture
      • Sample set of works

A-level

  • Visual analysis
    • Why look at art?
    • A-level: How to do visual (formal) analysis
    • Describing what you see: Sculpture, Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure
    • Glossary
    • Painting
      • Looking at paintings
      • Ways of looking: Expression and modern art
      • Key terms + concepts
        • Chiaroscuro explained
        • Foreshortening explained
        • Linear perspective explained
        • Atmospheric perspective explained
        • Art Terms in Action—Tint, Shade, and Tone
        • A brief history of the representation of the body in Western painting
      • Materials + techniques + processes
        • Art Terms in Action—Paint
        • Oil paint
        • The conservator’s eye—Anselm Kiefer, Bohemia Lies by the Sea
        • Tempera paint
        • The conservator’s eye—Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian
        • Gold-ground panel painting
        • Making Green—Tempera versus Oil
        • Making Purple—The Science of Art
    • Sculpture
      • A brief history of the representation of the body in Western sculpture
      • Contrapposto explained
      • The conservator’s eye—Marble statue of a wounded warrior
      • Quarrying and carving marble
      • Carving Marble with Traditional Tools
      • Bronze Casting Using the “Lost Wax” Technique
      • Adriaen de Vries’s bronze casting technique: direct lost-wax method
    • Architecture
      • The Greek architectural orders
  • Themes
    • Nature in art and architecture
      • Specified artists + architects
        • Albrecht Dürer
          • About the artist
          • Woodcuts and engravings
          • The Large Piece of Turf
          • Adam and Eve
          • Browse Dürer on Smarthistory
        • J.M.W. Turner
          • Turner at Tate Britain
          • The Harbor of Dieppe
          • The Fighting Temeraire
          • Slave Ship
          • Snow Storm
          • Rain, Steam, and Speed — The Great Western Railway
        • Claude Monet
          • Impressionism, an introduction
          • How the Impressionists got their name
          • Cliff Walk at Pourville
          • Art and Context—Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville and Malevich’s White on White
          • Les Nymphéas (The Water Lilies)
          • Poplars
          • The Basin at Argenteuil
          • Browse Monet on Smarthistory
        • Georgia O’Keeffe
          • The Lawrence Tree
        • Giambologna
          • Abduction of a Sabine Woman
        • Barbara Hepworth
          • Sheltered by the sea, Barbara Hepworth’s Pelagos
        • John Nash
          • Royal Pavilion, Brighton
        • Antoni Gaudí
          • Sagrada Família
        • Frank Lloyd Wright
          • Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City
      • Non-European works
        • Hokusai, Under the Wave off Kanagawa (The Great Wave)
        • Double-headed serpent
        • Tipu’s Tiger
        • Ai Weiwei: Sunflower Seeds
        • Ai Weiwei, Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds)
        • Angkor Wat
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Landscape + seascape
        • Animals
        • Plants
        • The elements
        • Relationship between wo/man and nature
        • Architecture influenced by nature
      • Sample set of works
    • Identities in art and architecture
      • Specified artists + architects
        • Jan van Eyck
          • The Arnolfini Portrait
          • The Ghent Altarpiece
          • The Madonna in the Church
          • Portrait of a Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?)
        • Rembrandt
          • Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves: The Three Crosses
          • Bathsheba at Her Bath
          • Self-Portrait with Saskia
          • Aristotle with a Bust of Homer
          • Girl at a Window
          • The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
          • The Night Watch
          • The Jewish Bride
        • Élisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun
          • Self-Portrait with her Daughter
          • Self-Portrait
          • Madame Perregaux
        • Vincent van Gogh
          • Self-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin
          • Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear
          • Browse van Gogh on Smarthistory
        • Jean-Antoine Houdon
          • George Washington
        • Yinka Shonibare
          • The Swing (After Fragonard)
        • Marc Quinn
          • Self
        • Zaha Hadid
          • MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts
      • Non-European works
        • Liu Chunhua, Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
        • Shirin Neshat, Rebellious Silence, Women of Allah series
        • Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja)
        • A-level: Benin Plaques
        • Michel Tuffery, Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000)
        • A Buddha from Mathura
        • Sacred space and symbolic form at Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho (India)
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • The divine
        • Portraits in 2D works
        • Portraits in 3D works
        • Gender identity
        • Ethnic identity
        • Identity in architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • War in art and architecture
      • Specified artists + architects
        • Eugène Delacroix
          • Liberty Leading the People
          • Scene of the Massacre at Chios
          • The Death of Sardanapalus
        • Francisco Goya
          • The Third of May, 1808
          • And there’s nothing to be done from The Disasters of War
          • Browse Goya on Smarthistory
        • Pablo Picasso
          • Guernica
          • Browse Picasso on Smarthistory
        • Otto Dix
          • Art in Nazi Germany
        • Edward Lutyens
          • British Art and Literature During WWI
      • Non-European works
        • Night Attack on the Sanjô Palace
        • Haniwa Warrior
        • Ibrahim El-Salahi, Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • War in 2D works
        • Leaders
        • Participants in war
        • Places affected by war
        • War memorials
        • Defensive + commemorative architecture
      • Sample set of works
  • Periods
    • Renaissance in Italy
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Renaissance art basics
        • How to recognize Italian Renaissance art
        • Florence in the Early Renaissance
        • Types of renaissance patronage
        • Venetian art, an introduction
        • Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction
        • A beginner’s guide to Mannerism
        • The Protestant Reformation
        • Introduction to gender in renaissance Italy
      • Specified artists
        • Giovanni Bellini
          • St. Francis in the Desert (or St. Francis in Ecstasy)
          • San Zaccaria Altarpiece
          • San Giobbe Altarpiece
          • The Feast of the Gods (essay)
          • The Feast of the Gods (video)
        • Sandro Botticelli
          • The Birth of Venus
          • La Primavera (Spring)
          • Dissecting Botticelli’s Adoration of the Magi
          • Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo il Vecchio de’ Medici
        • Raphael
          • Galatea
          • La belle jardinière (Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist)
          • Madonna of the Goldfinch
          • Marriage of the Virgin
          • Pope Leo X
          • School of Athens
          • The Alba Madonna
          • Portrait of Pope Julius II
        • Donatello
          • David
          • Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata
          • St. Mark
          • Mary Magdalene
          • Feast of Herod
          • Madonna of the Clouds
          • Orsanmichele and Donatello’s Saint Mark, Florence
        • Tullio Lombardo
          • The Conservation of Tullio Lombardo’s Adam
        • Michelangelo
          • About Michelangelo
          • David
          • The many meanings of Michelangelo’s David
          • Pietà
          • Slaves
          • Moses
          • Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
          • Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel
          • Saint Peter’s Basilica
          • Medici Chapel (New Sacristy)
          • Laurentian Library
          • Studies for the Libyan Sibyl (recto); Studies for the Libyan Sibyl and a small Sketch for a Seated Figure (verso)
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Religious paintings
        • Religious sculpture
        • Mythological works
        • Portraits
        • Religious architecture
        • Secular architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • Baroque in Catholic Europe
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Baroque art, an introduction
        • How to recognize Baroque art
        • Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution
      • Specified artists
        • Caravaggio
          • Narcissus at the Source
          • Calling of St. Matthew
          • The Conversion of St. Paul (or The Conversion of Saul)
          • Crucifixion of St. Peter
          • The Supper at Emmaus
          • Deposition (or Entombment)
          • Death of the Virgin
        • Peter Paul Rubens
          • Elevation of the Cross
          • The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus
          • The Presentation of the Portrait of Marie de’ Medici
          • Arrival (or Disembarkation) of Marie de Medici at Marseilles
          • Venus, Mars and Cupid
          • The Consequences of War
        • Diego Velázquez
          • The Waterseller of Seville
          • Los Borrachos (The Drunks), also known as The Triumph of Bacchus
          • Vulcan’s Forge
          • The Surrender of Breda
          • Juan de Pareja
          • Las Meninas
        • Gian Lorenzo Bernini
          • Pluto and Proserpina (or The Rape of Proserpina)
          • David
          • Apollo and Daphne
          • Baldacchino, Saint Peter’s
          • Bust of Medusa
          • Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
          • Cathedra Petri (Chair of St. Peter)
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Religious painting
        • Religious sculpture
        • Mythological painting
        • Mythological sculpture
        • Portraits
        • Landscape
        • Still life or genre
        • Religious architecture
        • Secular architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • British and French Avant-Garde
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Becoming Modern, an introduction
        • A beginner’s guide to Realism
        • Haussmann the Demolisher and the creation of modern Paris
        • Impressionism, an introduction
        • How the Impressionists got their name
        • Japonisme
        • Looking east—how Japan inspired Monet, Van Gogh and other Western artists
        • A beginner’s guide to the Pre-Raphaelites
        • The Aesthetic Movement
        • Art Nouveau
      • Specified artists
        • William Holman Hunt
          • Claudio and Isabella
          • Our English Coasts (Strayed Sheep)
          • The Awakening Conscience
        • Édouard Manet
          • Music in the Tuileries Gardens
          • Olympia
          • Le déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)
          • The Railway
          • Émile Zola
          • The Balcony
          • Plum Brandy
          • In the Conservatory
          • Corner of a Café-Concert
          • A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
        • Paul Gauguin
          • Self-Portrait with Portrait of Émile Bernard (Les misérables)
          • Vision after the Sermon (or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)
          • Nevermore
          • The Red Cow
          • Spirit of the Dead Watching
          • Oviri
          • Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?
        • Edgar Degas
          • The Bellelli Family
          •  At the Races in the Countryside
          • The Dance Class
          • Visit to a Museum
        • Auguste Rodin
          • The Walking Man
          • The Burghers of Calais
          • The Gates of Hell
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Painting of working life
        • Painting of leisure
        • Religious painting
        • Mythological + literary works
        • The female figure
        • Commemorative sculpture
        • Public architecture
        • Domestic architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • Modernism in Europe
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Expressionism, an introduction
        • Modern art and reality
      • Specified artists
        • Henri Matisse
          • Luxe, calme et volupté
          • Bonheur de Vivre
          • Dance I
          • The Red Studio
          • Goldfish
          • The Piano Lesson
        • Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
          • Self-Portrait As a Soldier
          • Street, Dresden
          • Street, Berlin
        • Georges Braque
          • Le Viaduc à L’Estaque, (The Viaduct at L’Estaque)
          • The Portuguese
        • Constantin Brancusi
          • The Kiss
          • Bird in Space
        • Alberto Giacometti
          • The Palace at 4 a.m.
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Urban life
        • Primitive ideas
        • The female figure
        • Portraits
        • Landscape
        • Still life
        • Figure sculpture
        • Commercial + public architecture
        • Domestic architecture
      • Sample set of works
    • British + American contemporary art + architecture
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Pop Art
        • Contemporary Art, an introduction
      • Specified artists
        • Andy Warhol
          • Why is this art? Andy Warhol, Campbell’s Soup Cans
          • Gold Marilyn Monroe
          • Marilyn Diptych
        • Chris Ofili
          • The Holy Virgin Mary
        • Judy Chicago
          • Omega, and Judy Chicago, Pasadena Lifesaver, Blue Series, Number 4
        • Mary Kelly
          • Mary Kelly, Post-Partum Document
      • Subjects, forms, styles
        • Portraits
        • 3D objects
        • Abstraction + non-objective
        • Figurative work
        • Performance + video
        • Installation
        • Land + earth art
        • Commercial + public architecture
        • Domestic architecture
      • Sample set of works

A-level: J. M. W. Turner, Slave Ship

by Lori Landay and Dr. Beth Harris

Joseph Mallord William Turner, Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), 1840 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)

Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
JMW Turner, Slave Ship, detail with sunJMW Turner, Slave Ship, detail with sharkJMW Turner, Slave Ship, detail with legJMW Turner, Slave Ship, detail with chainsJMW Turner, Slave Ship, detail with surfJMW Turner, Slave Ship, detail of shipJMW Turner, Slave Ship

More Smarthistory images…

Cite this page as: Lori Landay and Dr. Beth Harris, "A-level: J. M. W. Turner, Slave Ship," in Smarthistory, May 18, 2017, accessed September 26, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/j-m-w-turner-slave-ship-2/.
Flickr Icon

Browse Smarthistory images for teaching & learning!

Sign up for our newsletter!

Receive occasional emails about new Smarthistory content.

Upcoming webinar

minimize arrow icon close icon

BIPOC Reader: Teaching Practices and Strategies

October 18, 1:00–1:30 pm ET

"Not your grandfather’s art history: a BIPOC Reader" is a free, digital art history resource that provides more than 20 essays that seek to re-route the traditional narratives of art history with Europe and whiteness at its center. Join Dr. Maya Harakawa for this teaching webinar.

Register
Check out the BIPOC Reader Close

Smarthistory is a nonprofit organization

At Smarthistory we believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. Smarthistory’s free, award-winning digital content unlocks the expertise of hundreds of leading scholars, making the history of art accessible and engaging to more people, in more places, than any other publisher.

  • Donate
  • Contact Us
facebook icon
twitter icon
instagram icon
youtube icon
flickr icon
  • About Smarthistory
  • Smarthistory’s blog
  • Contribute an essay
  • Content editors and contributors

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License