Gian Lorenzo Bernini, David, 1623, marble, 170 cm high (Galleria Borghese, Rome)
Gian Lorenzo Bernini, David, 1623–24, marble, 170 cm high (Galleria Borghese, Rome; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Empathy
Bernini’s David is like a major league pitcher winding up to throw a 95-miles-an-hour fastball. The pitcher gathers all of his strength for each pitch and puts everything he has into it.
Baroque art wants us to be able to relate to the image in our bodies, not just in our minds. Bernini’s David uses the space around it—reaching out into the space of the viewer. Bernini’s David is not content—the way Michelangelo’s David is—to remain separate from us. When looking at Bernini’s David, we immediately start to feel what David is feeling. This empathy is important to Baroque art.
Diagonals
In the High Renaissance we saw the composition in the form of a pyramid—a stable shape. But in the Baroque era we see compositions in the shape of diagonal lines, as in Bernini’s David. The diagonal line immediately suggests movement and energy and drama—different from the immobility of the pyramid shape.
Left: Donatello, David, c. 1440s, bronze, 158 cm (Bargello, Florence; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0); right: Michelangelo, David, 1501–04, marble, 518 cm (Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Three Davids
Donatello shows us an early moment in the Renaissance—the beginnings of humanism when artists were first discovering contrapposto and the beauty of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. His young figure of David symbolizes the Republic of Florence, which saw itself—like David—as blessed by God. Donatello shows David victorious standing on the head of Goliath.
Michelangelo’s David is ideally beautiful. David contemplates his upcoming fight with Goliath, staring at his foe. While Bernini shows us a less ideal, and more real David—one who, with God’s help, is actively fighting Goliath (perhaps the way the Church itself felt as they were battling against Martin Luther).
Gian Lorenzo Bernini, David (detail), 1623–24, marble, 170 cm high (Galleria Borghese, Rome; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
The path to God
Michelangelo seems to be asking us to contemplate the incredible beauty of David, and through contemplating beauty (the beauty of man, God’s greatest creation), we come to know God. On the other hand, there is no time for contemplation with Bernini’s David, there is only time for ducking out of the way—our reaction is in our bodies, not in our minds.
The path to God in the Baroque era is more direct, more emotional, more bodily, and that of course relates to the embattled position of the Church, which wanted to appeal directly to the faithful.
Additional resources
This sculpture at the Galleria Borghese
Bernini at The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Timeline of Art History
Read a Reframing Art History chapter about the sacred baroque in the Catholic world
Smarthistory images for teaching and learning
