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Art since 1980

  • Browse this content
  • Beginner’s guide
    • Contemporary Art, an introduction
    • Postmodernism
    • The Case for Copying
    • The Black Atlantic
      • The Black Atlantic: What is the Black Atlantic?
      • The Black Atlantic: Identity and Nationhood
      • The Black Atlantic: Toppled Monuments and Hidden Histories
      • The Black Atlantic: Afterlives of Slavery in Contemporary Art
  • Cold War Germany and after
    • Anselm Kiefer
      • Shulamite
      • Bohemia Lies by the Sea
      • An interview with Anselm Kiefer
    • Sigmar Polke, Watchtower series
    • Gerhard Richter
      • The Cage Paintings (1-6)
      • Uncle Rudi
      • Betty
      • September
  • Art in the AIDS era
    • David Wojnarowicz, Untitled (One Day This Kid . . .)
    • Felix Gonzalez-Torres, “Untitled” (billboard of an empty bed)
    • Masami Teraoka, American Kabuki
    • Sue Coe, Aids won’t wait, the enemy is here not in Kuwait
    • Jean-Michel Basquiat, Horn Players
    • Keith Haring, Subway Drawings
    • Pepón Osorio
      • En la barberia no se llora (No Crying Allowed in the Barbershop)
      • Badge of Honor
  • Post-Cultural Revolution China
    • Luo Zhongli, Father
    • Zhang Daqian, Panorama of Mount Lu
    • Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn
    • The Case for Ai Weiwei
    • Xu Bing, Book from the Sky
    • Xu Zhen – ‘Artists Change the Way People Think’
  • Apartheid-era South Africa
    • Marlene Dumas, Models
    • The story of Ernest Cole, a black photographer in South Africa during apartheid
    • Jane Alexander, Butcher Boys
    • Santu Mofokeng, Train Churches
    • William Kentridge, drawing from Tide Table (Soho in Deck Chair)
    • Sue Williamson, For Thirty Years Next to His Heart
  • Young British Artists and art as commodity
    • Jeff Koons, Pink Panther
    • The YBAs: The London-based Young British Artists
    • Tracey Emin, My Bed
    • Chris Ofili, The Holy Virgin Mary
    • Damien Hirst, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
    • Marc Quinn, Self
    • Hans Haacke, Seurat’s “Les Poseuses” (small version), 1884-1975
  • Pictures generation and post-modern photography
    • Alfredo Jaar, A Logo for America
    • Barbara Kruger, Untitled (Your gaze hits the side of my face)
    • Jeff Wall, A View from an Apartment
    • Sally Mann, Blowing Bubbles
    • The Pictures Generation
    • Cindy Sherman
      • Untitled Film Still #21
      • Untitled #228
    • Carrie Mae Weems, Untitled (Woman Feeding Bird), from The Kitchen Table Series
    • Joel Sternfeld, On This Site—The Stonewall Inn
    • Muriel Hasbun, Todos los santos (Volcán de Izalco, amén)
    • Stan Douglas, Every Building on 100 West Hastings
    • Will Wilson interview about The Critical Indigenous Photographic Exchange
    • Annie Leibovitz, Queen Elizabeth II
    • Trevor Paglen, The Black Sites—The Salt Pit, Northeast of Kabul, Afghanistan
    • Chris McCaw, Sunburned, GSP #166, Mohave/Winter Solstice
  • Revisiting histories
    • Christian Boltanski, Personnes, 2010
    • Nari Ward, We the People (black version)
    • Kara Walker
      • An interview with Kara Walker
      • Kara Walker, Darkytown Rebellion
      • Kara Walker, A Subtlety, or the Marvelous Sugar Baby
      • Kara Walker, Fons Americanus
    • Alison Saar, Topsy and the Golden Fleece
    • Kerry James Marshall
      • An interview with Kerry James Marshall about his series Mementos
      • Kerry James Marshall: Mastry
      • Kerry James Marshall on his process
    • Clarissa Rizal, Resilience Robe
    • Tenzing Rigdol, Pin drop silence: Eleven-headed Avalokiteshvara
    • Thornton Dial, Blood and Meat: Survival For The World
    • Titus Kaphar, The Cost of Removal
    • Omar Victor Diop: Black subjects in the frame
    • Yee I-Lann, Picturing Power #6…
    • Wendy Red Star, 1880 Crow Peace Delegation
    • rafa esparza, Border Wash—after Leonard Nadel, 1956
    • Roger Shimomura, Diary: December 12, 1941
    • An interview with Fred Wilson about the conventions of museums and race
    • Ken Gonzales-Day, Erased Lynching Series
    • Kenseth Armstead, Surrender Yorktown 1781
    • Lam Tung Pang on “A day of two Suns”
    • Michael Rakowitz: Haunting the West
    • Abdoulaye Ndoye, Ahmed Baba
  • Mapping and migration
    • Julie Mehretu, Stadia II
    • Doris Salcedo, Shibboleth
    • Doris Salcedo: Third World Identity
    • Raúl de Nieves, Beginning & the end neither & the otherwise betwixt & between the end is the beginning & the end
    • Julie Mehretu, HOWL, eon (I, II)
    • An interview with Alfredo Jaar
    • Jamie Wyeth, Kalounna in Frogtown
    • Yto Barrada, Ceuta Border, Illegally Crossing the Border into the Spanish Enclave of Ceuta, Tangier
    • Zineb Sedira – ‘The Personal is Political’
    • Suchitra Mattai, Exodus
  • Borderlands
    • Tanya Aguiñiga, Metabolizing the Border
    • Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, Border Tuner
    • Postcommodity arts collective
    • Richard Misrach, Border Cantos
    • Minerva Cuevas, Crossing of the Rio Bravo
    • Jaime Carrejo, Border/Land
    • Guadalupe Maravilla, Requiem For My Border Crossing
  • Figuration, the body, and representation
    • Browse this content
    • How did Lucian Freud present queer and marginalized bodies?
    • Lucian Freud, Standing by the Rags
    • Identity Politics: From the Margins to the Mainstream
    • Stephanie Syjuco, The Visible Invisible
    • Renée Stout, interview about Fetish #2
    • Wangechi Mutu
      • Wangechi Mutu, Preying Mantra
      • Wangechi Mutu, The NewOnes, will free Us
    • Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present
    • Rineke Dijkstra, Odessa, Ukraine, August 4, 1993
    • An interview with Maryam Hoseini
    • Jordan Casteel paints her community
    • Luchita Hurtado’s body of work
    • Shirin Neshat
      • Rebellious Silence, Women of Allah series
      • ‘Dreams Are Where Our Fears Live’
    • Kehinde Wiley
      • Rumors of War
      • Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps
    • Yinka Shonibare, The Swing (After Fragonard)
    • Figures & Fictions: Santu Mofokeng
    • Kiki Smith, Lying with the Wolf
    • Catherine Opie
      • Self-Portrait/Cutting
      • Figure and Landscape series
    • Stefanie Jackson, Bluest Eye
    • Rashid Johnson, Stacked Heads
    • Ellen Gallagher, DeLuxe
    • Ah Xian artist interview
    • Takashi Murakami
    • Will Wilson, Critical Indigenous Photographic Exchange
    • Lorna Simpson – ‘Everything I Do Comes from the Same Desire’
    • Amy Sherald, Precious Jewels by the Sea
    • Michelle Browder, Mothers of Gynecology
    • Douglas Coupland, Terry Fox Memorial
  • Social practice
    • Guerrilla Girls, ‘You Have to Question What You See’ (interview)
    • Carmen Lomas Garza, Tamalada
    • Ai Wei Wei
      • Remembering and the Politics of Dissent
      • Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds)
    • Maria Gaspar, 96 Acres Project
    • Marie Watt’s Companion Species (Speech Bubble): Blankets, Community, and Intersectionality
    • Tania Bruguera
      • The Francis Effect
      • Immigrant Movement International
    • Theaster Gates on collecting
    • Danh Vo Interview: Art Should Estrange
    • Lida Abdul – ‘A Beautiful Encounter With Chance’
  • Public memory and the politics of place
    • An-My Lê, 29 Palms
    • Hock E Aye Vi Edgar Heap of Birds, Native Hosts (Arkansas)
    • Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii
    • Kerry James Marshall, Our Town
    • SAAM: Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, 1995
    • Do Ho Suh, Rubbing/Loving
    • The National Memorial for Peace and Justice (Equal Justice Initiative)
    • Krzysztof Wodiczko, Monument
    • Adel Abidin, Memorial
    • Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People)
    • What’s in a map? Jaune Quick-to-See Smith’s State Names (2000)
    • Daniel Libeskind, Imperial War Museum North, Manchester, UK
    • Graciela Iturbide, Photographing Mexico
    • Contemporary Native American Architecture
    • Birdhead – ‘We Photograph Things That Are Meaningful To Us’
    • Artist Richard Bell – ‘My Art is an Act of Protest’
    • Yatika Starr Fields and mural painting
    • Contemporary politics and classical architecture
  • Landscape and ecology
    • Roger Minick, Woman with Scarf at Inspiration Point, Yosemite National Park
    • Sebastião Salgado’s Kuwait
    • Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Earth’s Creation
    • Michel Tuffery, Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000)
    • Noel Harding, The Elevated Wetlands
    • Wayne Thiebaud, Ponds and Streams
    • Stéphane Couturier, Fenetre, Eastlake Greens, San Diego
    • Mark Dion, Neukom Vivarium
    • James Turrell, Skyspace, the way of color
    • Binh Danh, Bridalveil Fall, Yosemite CA, May 31, 2012
    • Weaving the landscape: DY Begay’s The Edge
    • Maya Lin
      • Silver Upper White River
      • Ghost Forest
    • Courtney Leonard, ARTIFICE Ellipse, 2016
    • Beatriz Cortez, Ilopango, The Volcano That Left
    • Artist Dale Harding – ‘Environment is Part of Who You Are’
    • Mel Chin, Paydirt
  • Digital culture
    • An interview with Jamian Juliano-Villani
    • Meriem Bennani’s Exploded Visions
    • Art, Race, and the Internet: Mendi + Keith Obadike’s Black.Net.Art Actions
    • Cao Fei, Building “RMB City”
    • Shahzia Sikander, The Last Post
  • Assemblage and materiality
    • Assemblage
    • Magdalene Anyango N. Odundo, Symmetrical Reduced Black Narrow-Necked Tall Piece
    • Nick Cave’s “Soundsuits”
    • Damián Ortega, Alias
    • Abraham Cruzvillegas, Autoconstrucción
    • Rebecca Belmore on Rising to the Occasion
    • El Anatsui
      • El Anatsui, Untitled
      • El Anatsui, Old Man’s Cloth
    • Mickalene Thomas on her Materials and Artistic Influences
    • Fred Wilson: Beauty & Ugliness
    • Kohei Nawa, PixCell-Deer#24
    • Zheng Chongbin on “I Look for the Sky”
    • An interview with artist Ogawa Machiko
    • Lares Feliciano, Memory Mirror installation
    • Mona Hatoum – ‘Nothing Is a Finished Project’
    • Jesús Rafael Soto, Houston Penetrable
    • Artist Profile: Sopheap Pich on Rattan, Sculpture, and Abstraction
    • Who is Rachel Whiteread?
    • Artist interview with Lee Bul about Willing To Be Vulnerable
    • Ellen Gallagher: Cutting
    • Shan Goshorn (Eastern Band Cherokee), Sealed Fate: Treaty of New Echota Protest Basket
    • Jeffrey Gibson, I’m Not Perfect
    • Richard Zane Smith (Wyandotte Nation), Wyandotte Feast Pot
    • Marilyn Spoon, Bandolier Bag
    • Rina Banerjee, commerce out of the Earth
  • Spirituality and transcendence
    • Mariko Mori, Pure Land
    • Bill Viola, The Crossing
    • Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths
    • Jack Whitten on Mapping the Soul
    • Lee Ufan
    • Richard Mayhew, Indigenous Spiritual Space

Art since 1980

  • Browse this content
  • Beginner’s guide
    • Contemporary Art, an introduction
    • Postmodernism
    • The Case for Copying
    • The Black Atlantic
      • The Black Atlantic: What is the Black Atlantic?
      • The Black Atlantic: Identity and Nationhood
      • The Black Atlantic: Toppled Monuments and Hidden Histories
      • The Black Atlantic: Afterlives of Slavery in Contemporary Art
  • Cold War Germany and after
    • Anselm Kiefer
      • Shulamite
      • Bohemia Lies by the Sea
      • An interview with Anselm Kiefer
    • Sigmar Polke, Watchtower series
    • Gerhard Richter
      • The Cage Paintings (1-6)
      • Uncle Rudi
      • Betty
      • September
  • Art in the AIDS era
    • David Wojnarowicz, Untitled (One Day This Kid . . .)
    • Felix Gonzalez-Torres, “Untitled” (billboard of an empty bed)
    • Masami Teraoka, American Kabuki
    • Sue Coe, Aids won’t wait, the enemy is here not in Kuwait
    • Jean-Michel Basquiat, Horn Players
    • Keith Haring, Subway Drawings
    • Pepón Osorio
      • En la barberia no se llora (No Crying Allowed in the Barbershop)
      • Badge of Honor
  • Post-Cultural Revolution China
    • Luo Zhongli, Father
    • Zhang Daqian, Panorama of Mount Lu
    • Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn
    • The Case for Ai Weiwei
    • Xu Bing, Book from the Sky
    • Xu Zhen – ‘Artists Change the Way People Think’
  • Apartheid-era South Africa
    • Marlene Dumas, Models
    • The story of Ernest Cole, a black photographer in South Africa during apartheid
    • Jane Alexander, Butcher Boys
    • Santu Mofokeng, Train Churches
    • William Kentridge, drawing from Tide Table (Soho in Deck Chair)
    • Sue Williamson, For Thirty Years Next to His Heart
  • Young British Artists and art as commodity
    • Jeff Koons, Pink Panther
    • The YBAs: The London-based Young British Artists
    • Tracey Emin, My Bed
    • Chris Ofili, The Holy Virgin Mary
    • Damien Hirst, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
    • Marc Quinn, Self
    • Hans Haacke, Seurat’s “Les Poseuses” (small version), 1884-1975
  • Pictures generation and post-modern photography
    • Alfredo Jaar, A Logo for America
    • Barbara Kruger, Untitled (Your gaze hits the side of my face)
    • Jeff Wall, A View from an Apartment
    • Sally Mann, Blowing Bubbles
    • The Pictures Generation
    • Cindy Sherman
      • Untitled Film Still #21
      • Untitled #228
    • Carrie Mae Weems, Untitled (Woman Feeding Bird), from The Kitchen Table Series
    • Joel Sternfeld, On This Site—The Stonewall Inn
    • Muriel Hasbun, Todos los santos (Volcán de Izalco, amén)
    • Stan Douglas, Every Building on 100 West Hastings
    • Will Wilson interview about The Critical Indigenous Photographic Exchange
    • Annie Leibovitz, Queen Elizabeth II
    • Trevor Paglen, The Black Sites—The Salt Pit, Northeast of Kabul, Afghanistan
    • Chris McCaw, Sunburned, GSP #166, Mohave/Winter Solstice
  • Revisiting histories
    • Christian Boltanski, Personnes, 2010
    • Nari Ward, We the People (black version)
    • Kara Walker
      • An interview with Kara Walker
      • Kara Walker, Darkytown Rebellion
      • Kara Walker, A Subtlety, or the Marvelous Sugar Baby
      • Kara Walker, Fons Americanus
    • Alison Saar, Topsy and the Golden Fleece
    • Kerry James Marshall
      • An interview with Kerry James Marshall about his series Mementos
      • Kerry James Marshall: Mastry
      • Kerry James Marshall on his process
    • Clarissa Rizal, Resilience Robe
    • Tenzing Rigdol, Pin drop silence: Eleven-headed Avalokiteshvara
    • Thornton Dial, Blood and Meat: Survival For The World
    • Titus Kaphar, The Cost of Removal
    • Omar Victor Diop: Black subjects in the frame
    • Yee I-Lann, Picturing Power #6…
    • Wendy Red Star, 1880 Crow Peace Delegation
    • rafa esparza, Border Wash—after Leonard Nadel, 1956
    • Roger Shimomura, Diary: December 12, 1941
    • An interview with Fred Wilson about the conventions of museums and race
    • Ken Gonzales-Day, Erased Lynching Series
    • Kenseth Armstead, Surrender Yorktown 1781
    • Lam Tung Pang on “A day of two Suns”
    • Michael Rakowitz: Haunting the West
    • Abdoulaye Ndoye, Ahmed Baba
  • Mapping and migration
    • Julie Mehretu, Stadia II
    • Doris Salcedo, Shibboleth
    • Doris Salcedo: Third World Identity
    • Raúl de Nieves, Beginning & the end neither & the otherwise betwixt & between the end is the beginning & the end
    • Julie Mehretu, HOWL, eon (I, II)
    • An interview with Alfredo Jaar
    • Jamie Wyeth, Kalounna in Frogtown
    • Yto Barrada, Ceuta Border, Illegally Crossing the Border into the Spanish Enclave of Ceuta, Tangier
    • Zineb Sedira – ‘The Personal is Political’
    • Suchitra Mattai, Exodus
  • Borderlands
    • Tanya Aguiñiga, Metabolizing the Border
    • Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, Border Tuner
    • Postcommodity arts collective
    • Richard Misrach, Border Cantos
    • Minerva Cuevas, Crossing of the Rio Bravo
    • Jaime Carrejo, Border/Land
    • Guadalupe Maravilla, Requiem For My Border Crossing
  • Figuration, the body, and representation
    • Browse this content
    • How did Lucian Freud present queer and marginalized bodies?
    • Lucian Freud, Standing by the Rags
    • Identity Politics: From the Margins to the Mainstream
    • Stephanie Syjuco, The Visible Invisible
    • Renée Stout, interview about Fetish #2
    • Wangechi Mutu
      • Wangechi Mutu, Preying Mantra
      • Wangechi Mutu, The NewOnes, will free Us
    • Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present
    • Rineke Dijkstra, Odessa, Ukraine, August 4, 1993
    • An interview with Maryam Hoseini
    • Jordan Casteel paints her community
    • Luchita Hurtado’s body of work
    • Shirin Neshat
      • Rebellious Silence, Women of Allah series
      • ‘Dreams Are Where Our Fears Live’
    • Kehinde Wiley
      • Rumors of War
      • Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps
    • Yinka Shonibare, The Swing (After Fragonard)
    • Figures & Fictions: Santu Mofokeng
    • Kiki Smith, Lying with the Wolf
    • Catherine Opie
      • Self-Portrait/Cutting
      • Figure and Landscape series
    • Stefanie Jackson, Bluest Eye
    • Rashid Johnson, Stacked Heads
    • Ellen Gallagher, DeLuxe
    • Ah Xian artist interview
    • Takashi Murakami
    • Will Wilson, Critical Indigenous Photographic Exchange
    • Lorna Simpson – ‘Everything I Do Comes from the Same Desire’
    • Amy Sherald, Precious Jewels by the Sea
    • Michelle Browder, Mothers of Gynecology
    • Douglas Coupland, Terry Fox Memorial
  • Social practice
    • Guerrilla Girls, ‘You Have to Question What You See’ (interview)
    • Carmen Lomas Garza, Tamalada
    • Ai Wei Wei
      • Remembering and the Politics of Dissent
      • Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds)
    • Maria Gaspar, 96 Acres Project
    • Marie Watt’s Companion Species (Speech Bubble): Blankets, Community, and Intersectionality
    • Tania Bruguera
      • The Francis Effect
      • Immigrant Movement International
    • Theaster Gates on collecting
    • Danh Vo Interview: Art Should Estrange
    • Lida Abdul – ‘A Beautiful Encounter With Chance’
  • Public memory and the politics of place
    • An-My Lê, 29 Palms
    • Hock E Aye Vi Edgar Heap of Birds, Native Hosts (Arkansas)
    • Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii
    • Kerry James Marshall, Our Town
    • SAAM: Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, 1995
    • Do Ho Suh, Rubbing/Loving
    • The National Memorial for Peace and Justice (Equal Justice Initiative)
    • Krzysztof Wodiczko, Monument
    • Adel Abidin, Memorial
    • Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People)
    • What’s in a map? Jaune Quick-to-See Smith’s State Names (2000)
    • Daniel Libeskind, Imperial War Museum North, Manchester, UK
    • Graciela Iturbide, Photographing Mexico
    • Contemporary Native American Architecture
    • Birdhead – ‘We Photograph Things That Are Meaningful To Us’
    • Artist Richard Bell – ‘My Art is an Act of Protest’
    • Yatika Starr Fields and mural painting
    • Contemporary politics and classical architecture
  • Landscape and ecology
    • Roger Minick, Woman with Scarf at Inspiration Point, Yosemite National Park
    • Sebastião Salgado’s Kuwait
    • Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Earth’s Creation
    • Michel Tuffery, Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000)
    • Noel Harding, The Elevated Wetlands
    • Wayne Thiebaud, Ponds and Streams
    • Stéphane Couturier, Fenetre, Eastlake Greens, San Diego
    • Mark Dion, Neukom Vivarium
    • James Turrell, Skyspace, the way of color
    • Binh Danh, Bridalveil Fall, Yosemite CA, May 31, 2012
    • Weaving the landscape: DY Begay’s The Edge
    • Maya Lin
      • Silver Upper White River
      • Ghost Forest
    • Courtney Leonard, ARTIFICE Ellipse, 2016
    • Beatriz Cortez, Ilopango, The Volcano That Left
    • Artist Dale Harding – ‘Environment is Part of Who You Are’
    • Mel Chin, Paydirt
  • Digital culture
    • An interview with Jamian Juliano-Villani
    • Meriem Bennani’s Exploded Visions
    • Art, Race, and the Internet: Mendi + Keith Obadike’s Black.Net.Art Actions
    • Cao Fei, Building “RMB City”
    • Shahzia Sikander, The Last Post
  • Assemblage and materiality
    • Assemblage
    • Magdalene Anyango N. Odundo, Symmetrical Reduced Black Narrow-Necked Tall Piece
    • Nick Cave’s “Soundsuits”
    • Damián Ortega, Alias
    • Abraham Cruzvillegas, Autoconstrucción
    • Rebecca Belmore on Rising to the Occasion
    • El Anatsui
      • El Anatsui, Untitled
      • El Anatsui, Old Man’s Cloth
    • Mickalene Thomas on her Materials and Artistic Influences
    • Fred Wilson: Beauty & Ugliness
    • Kohei Nawa, PixCell-Deer#24
    • Zheng Chongbin on “I Look for the Sky”
    • An interview with artist Ogawa Machiko
    • Lares Feliciano, Memory Mirror installation
    • Mona Hatoum – ‘Nothing Is a Finished Project’
    • Jesús Rafael Soto, Houston Penetrable
    • Artist Profile: Sopheap Pich on Rattan, Sculpture, and Abstraction
    • Who is Rachel Whiteread?
    • Artist interview with Lee Bul about Willing To Be Vulnerable
    • Ellen Gallagher: Cutting
    • Shan Goshorn (Eastern Band Cherokee), Sealed Fate: Treaty of New Echota Protest Basket
    • Jeffrey Gibson, I’m Not Perfect
    • Richard Zane Smith (Wyandotte Nation), Wyandotte Feast Pot
    • Marilyn Spoon, Bandolier Bag
    • Rina Banerjee, commerce out of the Earth
  • Spirituality and transcendence
    • Mariko Mori, Pure Land
    • Bill Viola, The Crossing
    • Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths
    • Jack Whitten on Mapping the Soul
    • Lee Ufan
    • Richard Mayhew, Indigenous Spiritual Space

The Case for Copying

by The Art Assignment

Cite this page as: The Art Assignment, "The Case for Copying," in Smarthistory, September 7, 2018, accessed November 30, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/case-for-copying-2/.
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Black Pharaohs: Nubia, Egypt, and Historical Racism

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Demonstrated by the Lion Temple in Naga and the Narmer Palette, Nubia and Egypt had a long history of interaction through trade, religion, and a shared visual language.

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