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Europe 1800-1900

  • Browse this content
  • Becoming Modern, an introduction
  • What was the Industrial Revolution?
  • Romanticism
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • A beginner’s guide to Romanticism
      • Orientalism
      • Staging the Egyptian Harem for Western Eyes
    • France
      • Browse this content
      • Romanticism in France, an introduction
      • Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Pest House in Jaffa
      • Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
        • Portrait of Madame Rivière
        • Napoleon on His Imperial Throne
        • Apotheosis of Homer
        • Painting colonial culture: La Grande Odalisque
      • Théodore Géricault
        • Raft of the Medusa
        • Portraits of the Insane
      • Eugène Delacroix
        • Eugène Delacroix, an introduction
        • Scene of the Massacre at Chios
        • The cost of war: Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
        • The Death of Sardanapalus
        • Liberty Leading the People
        • Women of Algiers in Their Apartment
        • Murals in the Chapel of The Holy Angels, Saint-Sulpice
      • François Rude, La Marseillaise
    • Spain
      • Browse this content
      • Francisco Goya
        • Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
        • Enrique Chagoya on Goya’s Los Caprichos
        • Francisco Goya, The Family of Charles IV
        • Francisco Goya, And there’s nothing to be done from The Disasters of War
        • Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808
        • Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring One Of His Sons
    • England
      • Browse this content
      • Henry Fuseli
        • The Nightmare
        • Titania and Bottom
      • William Blake
        • The spiritual form of Nelson guiding Leviathan
        • The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins
      • John Constable
        • Constable and the English landscape
        • Wivenhoe Park, Essex
        • The Hay Wain
        • View on the Stour near Dedham
        • Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
      • J. M. W. Turner
        • The Harbor of Dieppe
        • The Fighting Temeraire
        • Slave Ship
        • Snow Storm
        • Rain, Steam, and Speed — The Great Western Railway
        • J.M.W. Turner at Tate Britain
      • John Martin, The Great Day of His Wrath
      • John Nash, Royal Pavilion, Brighton
    • Germany
      • Browse this content
      • Caspar David Friedrich
        • Monk by the Sea
        • Abbey in the Oak Forest
        • Solitary Tree (or Lone Tree)
        • Woman at a Window
      • Runge, Hülsenbeck Children
  • Early photography
    • Browse this content
    • Early Photography: Niépce, Talbot and Muybridge
    • Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, View from the Window at Le Gras
    • Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
      • Paris Boulevard or View of the Boulevard du Temple
      • The Artist’s Studio / Still Life with Plaster Casts
    • David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson, Newhaven Fishwives
    • John Whipple, William Bond, and George Bond, The Moon, No. 37
    • Édouard Baldus, Cloister of St. Trophîme, Arles
    • Muybridge, The Attitudes of Animals in Motion
      Getty Conversations
    • Eadweard Muybridge, The Horse in Motion
    • Anna Atkins and the cyanotype process
    • Lady Clementina Hawarden, Clementina and Florence Elizabeth Maude
    • Julia Margaret Cameron, Mrs. Herbert Duckworth
    • Roger Fenton, Landscape with clouds
    • Marey, Joinville Soldier Walking
    • Francis Galton, eugenics, and photography
    • Alphonse Bertillon, Mugshot and Record of Francis Galton
  • Victorian art
    • Browse this content
    • Early Victorian
      • Sir Edwin Landseer, Windsor Castle in Modern Times
      • Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament)
      • Robert Smirke, The British Museum
      • Cashmere shawls
    • Pre-Raphaelites and mid-Victorian art
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • The Pre-Raphaelites, an introduction
        • The Aesthetic Movement
      • John Everett Millais
        • Christ in the House of His Parents
        • Mariana
        • Ophelia
        • Isabella
        • Curator’s choice – Millais’s Isabella
        • Portrait of John Ruskin
        • A Portrait of John Ruskin and Masculine Ideals of Dress in the Nineteenth Century
        • Spring (Apple Blossoms)
        • The Vale of Rest
        • Bubbles
      • William Holman Hunt
        • Claudio and Isabella
        • Our English Coasts (Strayed Sheep)
        • The Awakening Conscience
        • Isabella or the Pot of Basil
        • The Lady of Shalott
        • The Shadow of Death
        • The Scapegoat
      • Ford Madox Brown
        • The Last of England
        • Work
        • Curator’s choice – Ford Madox Brown’s Work
      • Dante Gabriel Rossetti
        • Ecce Ancilla Domini
        • Beata Beatrix
        • Proserpine
      • Henry Wallis, Chatterton
      • William Powell Frith, Derby Day
      • William Dyce, Pegwell Bay, Kent – a Recollection of October 5th 1858
      • Emily Mary Osborn, Nameless and Friendless
      • John Roddam Spencer Stanhope, Thoughts of the Past
      • Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones
        • The Golden Stairs
        • King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid
        • Sleeping Beauty — but without the Kiss: Burne-Jones and the Briar Rose series
        • The Depths of the Sea
        • Stained glass windows at Birmingham Cathedral
        • Hope
      • John William Waterhouse, The Lady of Shalott
      • William Butterfield, All Saints, Margaret Street, London
      • William Morris, useful beauty in the home
      • William Morris and Philip Webb, Red House
    • Late Victorian
      • Browse this content
      • Sir Frederic Leighton
        • An Athlete Wrestling with a Python
        • Bath of Psyche
      • Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Listening to Homer
      • GF Watts, The Minotaur
  • Realism
    • Browse this content
    • Realism, an introduction
    • Honoré Daumier
      • Rue Transnonain
      • Nadar Elevating Photography to the Height of an Art
    • Gustave Courbet
      • A Burial at Ornans
      • The Stonebreakers
      • The Painter’s Studio, a real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life
      • Bonjour Monsieur Courbet
    • Rosa Bonheur
      • Plowing in the Nivernais (or The First Dressing)
      • Sheep in the Highlands
    • Jean-François Millet
      • L’Angélus
      • The Gleaners
      • Xu Bing on Jean-François Millet’s Haystacks: Autumn
    • Édouard Manet
      • Music in the Tuileries Gardens
      • Olympia
      • Le déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)
      • The Railway
      • Émile Zola
      • The Balcony
      • Plum Brandy
      • In the Conservatory
      • Corner of a Café-Concert
      • A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
      • Better Know: Manet’s Bar
      • A Bar at the Folies-Bergère with Griselda Pollock
    • Eva Gonzàles, A Loge at the Théâtre des Italiens
  • Second Empire
    • Winterhalter’s Portrait of The Empress Eugénie
    • Thomas Couture, Romans of the Decadence
    • Haussmann the Demolisher and the creation of modern Paris
    • Charles Garnier, The Paris Opéra
  • Impressionism
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Browse this content
      • Impressionism, an introduction
      • What does “Impressionism” mean?
      • How the Impressionists got their name
      • Impressionism: painting modern life
      • Impressionist color
      • Impressionist pictorial space
      • Japonisme
      • Looking east: how Japan inspired Monet, Van Gogh and other Western artists
    • Edgar Degas
      • The Bellelli Family
      •  At the Races in the Countryside
      • The Dance Class
      • Visit to a Museum
    • Gustave Caillebotte
      • Paris Street; Rainy Day
    • Berthe Morisot
      • The Cradle
      • Hunting Butterflies
    • Pierre-Auguste Renoir
      • How to recognize Renoir: The Swing
      • La Loge
      • The Grands Boulevards
      • Moulin de la Galette
      • Portrait of Madame Charpentier and Her Children
      • Luncheon of the Boating Party
      • The Large Bathers
    • Claude Monet
      • Impressionism as optical realism: Monet
      • How to recognize Monet: The Basin at Argenteuil
      • Impression, Sunrise
      • The Argenteuil Bridge
      • The Gare Saint-Lazare
      • Cliff Walk at Pourville
      • Wheatstacks (Snow Effect, Morning)
        Getty Conversations
      • Poplars
      • Rouen Cathedral Series
      • Les Nymphéas (The Water Lilies)
    • Mary Cassatt
      • In the Loge
      • Little Girl in a Blue Armchair
      • Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge
      • The Child’s Bath
      • The Coiffure
  • Post-Impressionism
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Introduction to Neo-Impressionism, Part I
      • Introduction to Neo-Impressionism, Part II
      • Neo-Impressionist Color Theory
    • Georges Seurat
      • Bathers at Asnières
      • A Sunday on La Grande Jatte – 1884
    • Vincent van Gogh
      • The Potato Eaters
      • Self-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin
      • Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear
      • The Bedroom
      • Van Gogh, Irises
        Getty Conversations
      • The Starry Night
      • The Artist Project: Sopheap Pich on van Gogh’s drawings
    • The Pont-Aven School and Synthetism
    • Paul Gauguin
      • Gauguin, Self-Portrait with Portrait of Émile Bernard (Les misérables)
      • Vision after the Sermon (or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)
      • Nevermore
      • The Red Cow
      • Spirit of the Dead Watching
      • Oviri
      • Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?
    • Gauguin and Laval in Martinique
    • Paul Cézanne
      • Cézanne, an introduction
      • The Bather
      • The Basket of Apples
      • Still Life with Plaster Cupid
      • The Red Rock
      • Turning Road at Montgeroult
      • Mont Sainte-Victoire
      • The Card Players
      • Bathers (Les Grandes Baigneuses)
      • The Large Bathers
    • Why Is This Woman in the Jungle? Henri Rousseau’s The Dream
    • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge
  • Sculpture
    • Browse this content
    • Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux​, Dance
    • Auguste Rodin
      • The Walking Man
      • Auguste Rodin, The Age of Bronze
      • The Burghers of Calais
      • The Gates of Hell
      • Wilfredo Prieto on Auguste Rodin’s sculptures
    • Claudel, The Age of Maturity
    • A moment’s monument, Medardo Rosso, Ecce puer (Behold the Child)
  • Symbolism / Art Nouveau
    • Browse this content
    • Art Nouveau
    • The Nabis and Symbolism
    • The Nabis and Decorative Art
    • Gustave Moreau
      • Jupiter and Semele
      • Salome
    • Arnold Böcklin, Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle
    • Antoni Gaudí
      • Sagrada Família
      • Park Güell
    • James Ensor, Christ’s Entry into Brussels in 1889
    • Fernand Khnopff
      • Jeanne Kéfer
      • I Lock my Door Upon Myself
    • Franz von Stuck, The Sin
    • Hector Guimard, Cité entrance, Métropolitain, Paris
    • Gustav Klimt
      • Beethoven Frieze
      •  The Kiss
      • Death and Life
    • Broncia Koller, Sitting (Seated Nude Marietta)
    • Edvard Munch
      • The Storm
      • The Scream
    • Léon Bakst, “Costume design for the ballet The Firebird”
    • Louis Comfort Tiffany
      • Vase
      • Hair Ornament
  • Eastern Europe
    • Maurycy Gottlieb, Christ Teaching at Capernaum
    • An Introduction to The Peredvizhniki (The Wanderers)
    • Ilya Repin, Krestny Khod (Religious Procession) in Kursk Gubernia
  • Textiles
    • Shawl from Deneirouse and Boisglavy

Europe 1800-1900

  • Browse this content
  • Becoming Modern, an introduction
  • What was the Industrial Revolution?
  • Romanticism
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • A beginner’s guide to Romanticism
      • Orientalism
      • Staging the Egyptian Harem for Western Eyes
    • France
      • Browse this content
      • Romanticism in France, an introduction
      • Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Pest House in Jaffa
      • Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
        • Portrait of Madame Rivière
        • Napoleon on His Imperial Throne
        • Apotheosis of Homer
        • Painting colonial culture: La Grande Odalisque
      • Théodore Géricault
        • Raft of the Medusa
        • Portraits of the Insane
      • Eugène Delacroix
        • Eugène Delacroix, an introduction
        • Scene of the Massacre at Chios
        • The cost of war: Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
        • The Death of Sardanapalus
        • Liberty Leading the People
        • Women of Algiers in Their Apartment
        • Murals in the Chapel of The Holy Angels, Saint-Sulpice
      • François Rude, La Marseillaise
    • Spain
      • Browse this content
      • Francisco Goya
        • Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
        • Enrique Chagoya on Goya’s Los Caprichos
        • Francisco Goya, The Family of Charles IV
        • Francisco Goya, And there’s nothing to be done from The Disasters of War
        • Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808
        • Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring One Of His Sons
    • England
      • Browse this content
      • Henry Fuseli
        • The Nightmare
        • Titania and Bottom
      • William Blake
        • The spiritual form of Nelson guiding Leviathan
        • The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins
      • John Constable
        • Constable and the English landscape
        • Wivenhoe Park, Essex
        • The Hay Wain
        • View on the Stour near Dedham
        • Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
      • J. M. W. Turner
        • The Harbor of Dieppe
        • The Fighting Temeraire
        • Slave Ship
        • Snow Storm
        • Rain, Steam, and Speed — The Great Western Railway
        • J.M.W. Turner at Tate Britain
      • John Martin, The Great Day of His Wrath
      • John Nash, Royal Pavilion, Brighton
    • Germany
      • Browse this content
      • Caspar David Friedrich
        • Monk by the Sea
        • Abbey in the Oak Forest
        • Solitary Tree (or Lone Tree)
        • Woman at a Window
      • Runge, Hülsenbeck Children
  • Early photography
    • Browse this content
    • Early Photography: Niépce, Talbot and Muybridge
    • Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, View from the Window at Le Gras
    • Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
      • Paris Boulevard or View of the Boulevard du Temple
      • The Artist’s Studio / Still Life with Plaster Casts
    • David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson, Newhaven Fishwives
    • John Whipple, William Bond, and George Bond, The Moon, No. 37
    • Édouard Baldus, Cloister of St. Trophîme, Arles
    • Muybridge, The Attitudes of Animals in Motion
      Getty Conversations
    • Eadweard Muybridge, The Horse in Motion
    • Anna Atkins and the cyanotype process
    • Lady Clementina Hawarden, Clementina and Florence Elizabeth Maude
    • Julia Margaret Cameron, Mrs. Herbert Duckworth
    • Roger Fenton, Landscape with clouds
    • Marey, Joinville Soldier Walking
    • Francis Galton, eugenics, and photography
    • Alphonse Bertillon, Mugshot and Record of Francis Galton
  • Victorian art
    • Browse this content
    • Early Victorian
      • Sir Edwin Landseer, Windsor Castle in Modern Times
      • Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament)
      • Robert Smirke, The British Museum
      • Cashmere shawls
    • Pre-Raphaelites and mid-Victorian art
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • The Pre-Raphaelites, an introduction
        • The Aesthetic Movement
      • John Everett Millais
        • Christ in the House of His Parents
        • Mariana
        • Ophelia
        • Isabella
        • Curator’s choice – Millais’s Isabella
        • Portrait of John Ruskin
        • A Portrait of John Ruskin and Masculine Ideals of Dress in the Nineteenth Century
        • Spring (Apple Blossoms)
        • The Vale of Rest
        • Bubbles
      • William Holman Hunt
        • Claudio and Isabella
        • Our English Coasts (Strayed Sheep)
        • The Awakening Conscience
        • Isabella or the Pot of Basil
        • The Lady of Shalott
        • The Shadow of Death
        • The Scapegoat
      • Ford Madox Brown
        • The Last of England
        • Work
        • Curator’s choice – Ford Madox Brown’s Work
      • Dante Gabriel Rossetti
        • Ecce Ancilla Domini
        • Beata Beatrix
        • Proserpine
      • Henry Wallis, Chatterton
      • William Powell Frith, Derby Day
      • William Dyce, Pegwell Bay, Kent – a Recollection of October 5th 1858
      • Emily Mary Osborn, Nameless and Friendless
      • John Roddam Spencer Stanhope, Thoughts of the Past
      • Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones
        • The Golden Stairs
        • King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid
        • Sleeping Beauty — but without the Kiss: Burne-Jones and the Briar Rose series
        • The Depths of the Sea
        • Stained glass windows at Birmingham Cathedral
        • Hope
      • John William Waterhouse, The Lady of Shalott
      • William Butterfield, All Saints, Margaret Street, London
      • William Morris, useful beauty in the home
      • William Morris and Philip Webb, Red House
    • Late Victorian
      • Browse this content
      • Sir Frederic Leighton
        • An Athlete Wrestling with a Python
        • Bath of Psyche
      • Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Listening to Homer
      • GF Watts, The Minotaur
  • Realism
    • Browse this content
    • Realism, an introduction
    • Honoré Daumier
      • Rue Transnonain
      • Nadar Elevating Photography to the Height of an Art
    • Gustave Courbet
      • A Burial at Ornans
      • The Stonebreakers
      • The Painter’s Studio, a real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life
      • Bonjour Monsieur Courbet
    • Rosa Bonheur
      • Plowing in the Nivernais (or The First Dressing)
      • Sheep in the Highlands
    • Jean-François Millet
      • L’Angélus
      • The Gleaners
      • Xu Bing on Jean-François Millet’s Haystacks: Autumn
    • Édouard Manet
      • Music in the Tuileries Gardens
      • Olympia
      • Le déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)
      • The Railway
      • Émile Zola
      • The Balcony
      • Plum Brandy
      • In the Conservatory
      • Corner of a Café-Concert
      • A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
      • Better Know: Manet’s Bar
      • A Bar at the Folies-Bergère with Griselda Pollock
    • Eva Gonzàles, A Loge at the Théâtre des Italiens
  • Second Empire
    • Winterhalter’s Portrait of The Empress Eugénie
    • Thomas Couture, Romans of the Decadence
    • Haussmann the Demolisher and the creation of modern Paris
    • Charles Garnier, The Paris Opéra
  • Impressionism
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Browse this content
      • Impressionism, an introduction
      • What does “Impressionism” mean?
      • How the Impressionists got their name
      • Impressionism: painting modern life
      • Impressionist color
      • Impressionist pictorial space
      • Japonisme
      • Looking east: how Japan inspired Monet, Van Gogh and other Western artists
    • Edgar Degas
      • The Bellelli Family
      •  At the Races in the Countryside
      • The Dance Class
      • Visit to a Museum
    • Gustave Caillebotte
      • Paris Street; Rainy Day
    • Berthe Morisot
      • The Cradle
      • Hunting Butterflies
    • Pierre-Auguste Renoir
      • How to recognize Renoir: The Swing
      • La Loge
      • The Grands Boulevards
      • Moulin de la Galette
      • Portrait of Madame Charpentier and Her Children
      • Luncheon of the Boating Party
      • The Large Bathers
    • Claude Monet
      • Impressionism as optical realism: Monet
      • How to recognize Monet: The Basin at Argenteuil
      • Impression, Sunrise
      • The Argenteuil Bridge
      • The Gare Saint-Lazare
      • Cliff Walk at Pourville
      • Wheatstacks (Snow Effect, Morning)
        Getty Conversations
      • Poplars
      • Rouen Cathedral Series
      • Les Nymphéas (The Water Lilies)
    • Mary Cassatt
      • In the Loge
      • Little Girl in a Blue Armchair
      • Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge
      • The Child’s Bath
      • The Coiffure
  • Post-Impressionism
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Introduction to Neo-Impressionism, Part I
      • Introduction to Neo-Impressionism, Part II
      • Neo-Impressionist Color Theory
    • Georges Seurat
      • Bathers at Asnières
      • A Sunday on La Grande Jatte – 1884
    • Vincent van Gogh
      • The Potato Eaters
      • Self-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin
      • Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear
      • The Bedroom
      • Van Gogh, Irises
        Getty Conversations
      • The Starry Night
      • The Artist Project: Sopheap Pich on van Gogh’s drawings
    • The Pont-Aven School and Synthetism
    • Paul Gauguin
      • Gauguin, Self-Portrait with Portrait of Émile Bernard (Les misérables)
      • Vision after the Sermon (or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)
      • Nevermore
      • The Red Cow
      • Spirit of the Dead Watching
      • Oviri
      • Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?
    • Gauguin and Laval in Martinique
    • Paul Cézanne
      • Cézanne, an introduction
      • The Bather
      • The Basket of Apples
      • Still Life with Plaster Cupid
      • The Red Rock
      • Turning Road at Montgeroult
      • Mont Sainte-Victoire
      • The Card Players
      • Bathers (Les Grandes Baigneuses)
      • The Large Bathers
    • Why Is This Woman in the Jungle? Henri Rousseau’s The Dream
    • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge
  • Sculpture
    • Browse this content
    • Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux​, Dance
    • Auguste Rodin
      • The Walking Man
      • Auguste Rodin, The Age of Bronze
      • The Burghers of Calais
      • The Gates of Hell
      • Wilfredo Prieto on Auguste Rodin’s sculptures
    • Claudel, The Age of Maturity
    • A moment’s monument, Medardo Rosso, Ecce puer (Behold the Child)
  • Symbolism / Art Nouveau
    • Browse this content
    • Art Nouveau
    • The Nabis and Symbolism
    • The Nabis and Decorative Art
    • Gustave Moreau
      • Jupiter and Semele
      • Salome
    • Arnold Böcklin, Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle
    • Antoni Gaudí
      • Sagrada Família
      • Park Güell
    • James Ensor, Christ’s Entry into Brussels in 1889
    • Fernand Khnopff
      • Jeanne Kéfer
      • I Lock my Door Upon Myself
    • Franz von Stuck, The Sin
    • Hector Guimard, Cité entrance, Métropolitain, Paris
    • Gustav Klimt
      • Beethoven Frieze
      •  The Kiss
      • Death and Life
    • Broncia Koller, Sitting (Seated Nude Marietta)
    • Edvard Munch
      • The Storm
      • The Scream
    • Léon Bakst, “Costume design for the ballet The Firebird”
    • Louis Comfort Tiffany
      • Vase
      • Hair Ornament
  • Eastern Europe
    • Maurycy Gottlieb, Christ Teaching at Capernaum
    • An Introduction to The Peredvizhniki (The Wanderers)
    • Ilya Repin, Krestny Khod (Religious Procession) in Kursk Gubernia
  • Textiles
    • Shawl from Deneirouse and Boisglavy

Claude Monet, Poplars

by Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris

Claude Monet, Poplars, 1891, oil on canvas, 36-5/8 x 29-3/16″ / 93 x 74.1 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)

Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
Monet, Poplars (detail), 1891Monet, Poplars (detail), 1891Monet, Poplars (detail), 1891Monet, Poplars (detail), 1891Monet, Poplars (detail), 1891Monet, Poplars, 1891

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Cite this page as: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris, "Claude Monet, Poplars," in Smarthistory, December 4, 2015, accessed September 29, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/claude-monet-poplars/.
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