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Medieval Europe + Byzantium

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • Introduction to the Middle Ages
    • A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art
    • Pilgrimage souvenirs 
    • Chivalry in the Middle Ages
    • Mapping the world
    • A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books
    • Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages
    • The medieval calendar
    • Medieval goldsmiths
    • The classical past
    • Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages
    • Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity
    • The Buddha’s long “journey” to Europe and Africa
  • Christianity and art
    • Browse this content
    • Christianity, an introduction
    • The Christian Bible
    • The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art
    • The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art
    • How to recognize the Four Evangelists
    • How to recognize saints
    • Architecture and liturgy
  • Judaism and art
    • Browse this content
    • Introduction to Judaism
    • Jewish history to the middle ages
    • Writing a history of Jewish architecture
  • Books in Medieval Europe
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Browse this content
      • Medieval manuscripts
      • Manuscripts: major works of art
      • Making manuscripts
      • The Bestiary
      • A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books
      • Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages
      • Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts
    • Making the medieval book
      • Browse this content
      • Listening to the medieval book
      • An introduction to medieval scripts
      • A medieval textbook
      • Parchment (the good, the bad, and the ugly)
      • Making Manuscripts: The Page
      • Skins and scraps
      • The work of the scribe
      • Words, words, words: medieval handwriting
      • Making books for profit in medieval times
      • Decorating the book
      • Biblical illumination
      • Illumination of Jewish biblical texts
      • Medieval supermodels
      • Binding the book
      • Clasps: hugging a medieval book
      • Medieval books in leather (and other materials)
    • Using the medieval book
      • Browse this content
      • The medieval desktop
      • Getting personal in the margins
      • Smart bookmarks
      • Finding books
      • The medieval origins of the modern footnote
      • Medieval notepads
    • Types of medieval books
      • An Introduction to the Bestiary, Book of Beasts in the Medieval World
      • Medieval prayer-books
  • Early Christian
    • Browse this content
    • Early Christianity, an introduction
    • Early Christian art
    • Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome
    • Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine
    • Basilica of Constantine (Aula Palatina), Trier
    • Santa Maria Antiqua
    • Santa Maria Antiqua Sarcophagus
    • The Good Shepherd in Early Christianity
    • Santa Pudenziana
    • Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
    • Basilica of Santa Sabina, Rome
    • Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
    • The Vienna Genesis
    • The Story of Jacob from the Vienna Genesis
    • Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well from the Vienna Genesis
    • Classicism and the Early Middle Ages
    • The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
  • Byzantine
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Byzantine art, an introduction
      • About the chronological periods of the Byzantine Empire
      • Icons, an introduction
      • Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy
      • Ancient and Byzantine mosaic materials
      • Wearable art in Byzantium
    • Early Byzantine (including Iconoclasm)
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • The origins of Byzantine architecture
        • Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine
        • Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian
        • SS. Sergius and Bacchus, preserved as the mosque, Küçük Ayasofya
        • Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
        • Byzantine architecture during Iconoclasm
      • Ravenna, Italy
        • Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy
        • Sant’Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy)
        • San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic
        • Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources
      • Art and architecture of Saint Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai
      • Woman with Scroll
      • Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis
      • Ivory Panel with Archangel
      • The Emperor Triumphant (Barberini Ivory)
      • The Vienna Dioscurides
      • Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George
      • A chalice from the Attarouthi Treasure
      • The Byzantine Fieschi Morgan cross reliquary
      • Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period
    • Middle Byzantine
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • Middle Byzantine church architecture
        • Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture
        • Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
      • A work in progress: Middle Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia
      • Theotokos mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
      • Mosaics and microcosm: the monasteries of Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni, and Daphni
      • Byzantine frescoes at Saint Panteleimon, Nerezi
      • Manuscripts
        • Book illumination in the Eastern Mediterranean
        • Illuminating the Psalms in Byzantium
        • The Paris Psalter
        • Illuminated Gospel-books
      • Middle Byzantine secular art
      • A Byzantine vision of Paradise — The Harbaville Triptych
      • Byzantium and its neighbors
        • Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period
        • Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, Torcello
        • Saint Mark’s Basilica, Venice
        • Mobility and reuse: the Romanos chalices and the chalice with hares
        • Byzantium, Kyivan Rus’, and their contested legacies
        • The visual culture of Norman Sicily
        • The Cappella Palatina
        • The Melisende Psalter
    • The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire
      • Byzantine Art and the Fourth Crusade
      • Plunder, War, and the Horses of San Marco
      • Icon of the Archangel Michael
      • Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade
    • Late Byzantine
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • Late Byzantine church architecture
        • Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
      • Deësis, Hagia Sophia
      • Picturing salvation — Chora’s brilliant Byzantine mosaics and frescoes
      • The vita icon in the medieval era
      • Byzantine miniature mosaics
      • Byzantine Griffin Panel
      • Icon with the Triumph of Orthodoxy
    • Post-Byzantine
      • Hagia Sophia as a mosque
      • Church of St. Nicholas, Balinesti
      • Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
  • Early Medieval
    • Browse this content
    • England
      • Anglo-Saxon England
      • Sutton Hoo Ship Burial (video)
      • Sutton Hoo Ship Burial
      • The Sutton Hoo purse lid
      • The Sutton Hoo helmet
      • Decoding Anglo-Saxon art
      • Brooch from Chessell Down
      • Fibulae
      • The Lindisfarne Gospels
      • Codex Amiatinus
      • The Utrecht Psalter
    • Ireland
      • Skellig Michael
      • Clonmacnoise
      • The Ardagh Chalice
      • Saint Patrick’s Bell and Shrine
      • The Book of Kells
      • Symbolism in the Book of Kells
      • Muiredach Cross
      • The Cross of Cong
  • Carolingian
    • Browse this content
    • Carolingian art, an introduction
    • Charlemagne (part 1 of 2): An introduction
    • Charlemagne (part 2 of 2): The Carolingian revival
    • Palatine Chapel, Aachen
    • Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels
    • Saint Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels
    • Depicting Judaism in a medieval Christian ivory
    • Lindau Gospels cover
    • Mosaics, Santa Prassede (Praxedes), Rome
    • Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan
  • Ottonian
    • Browse this content
    • Ottonian art, an introduction
    • Gospel Book of Otto III
    • Cross of Lothair II
    • Bronze doors, Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim (Germany)
  • Viking Age
    • Browse this content
    • Art of the Viking Age
    • Urnes Stave Church
  • Romanesque
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Browse this content
      • Romanesque art, an introduction
      • Romanesque architecture, an introduction
      • Medieval churches: sources and forms
      • Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic
      • A look at modern veneration
    • France
      • Browse this content
      • Cluny Abbey
      • Saint-Pierre, Moissac
      • Last Judgment, Tympanum, Cathedral of St. Lazare, Autun (France)
      • Church and Reliquary of Sainte-Foy, France
      • Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Basilica Ste-Madeleine, Vézelay (France)
      • Basilica of Saint-Sernin
      • Fontenay Abbey
      • Saint Trophime, Arles
      • Virgin and Child in Majesty
      • Casket with troubadours
      • Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy
    • Italy
      • The Basilica of San Clemente, Rome
      • The Romanesque churches of Tuscany: San Miniato in Florence and Pisa Cathedral
    • England
      • Browse this content
      • The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy
      • The Second Norman Conquest | Lanfranc’s Reforms
      • The English castle: dominating the landscape
      • Motte and Bailey Castles and the Norman Conquest | Windsor Castle Case Study
      • The Bayeux Tapestry
        • The Bayeux Tapestry
        • The Bayeux Tapestry, from BBC One’s Seven Ages of Britain
        • The Animated Bayeux Tapestry
      • Durham Cathedral
      • Peterborough Cathedral
      • The Morgan Leaf from The Winchester Bible
    • Ireland
      • Cormac’s Chapel
    • Spain
      • Browse this content
      • Historiated capitals, Church of Sant Miquel, Camarasa
      • “Throne of Wisdom” sculptures
      • Virgin from Ger
      • Circle of the Master of Pedret, The Wise and Foolish Virgins
      • The Painted Apse of Sant Climent, Taüll, with Christ in Majesty
      • Camel from San Baudelio de Berlanga
      • Plaque with the Journey to Emmaus and Noli Me Tangere
      • Teruel, mudéjar architecture of Aragon
      • The Cistercian Poblet Monastery
      • Conservation: Cast of the Pórtico de la Gloria
      • Medieval synagogues in Toledo, Spain
  • Gothic
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Gothic architecture explained
      • Gothic architecture, an introduction
      • Cecily Brown on medieval sculptures of the Madonna and Child
    • France
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at St. Denis
        • Chartres Cathedral
        • Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris
        • Reims Cathedral
        • Reims Cathedral and World War I
        • Amiens Cathedral
        • Sainte-Chapelle, Paris
      • Bible moralisée (moralized bibles)
      • Saint Louis Bible (Moralized Bible or Bible moralisée)
      • The Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux
      • Christ’s Side Wound and Instruments of the Passion from the Prayer Book of Bonne of Luxembourg
      • Ivory casket with scenes from medieval romances
    • England
      • Browse this content
      • Southwell Minster
      • Salisbury Cathedral
      • Lincoln Cathedral
      • Wells Cathedral
      • Gloucester Cathedral
      • Four styles of English medieval architecture at Ely Cathedral
      • The Chapter House of York Minster
      • Ely Cathedral’s Lady Chapel
      • Henry VII Chapel
      • The Wilton Diptych
      • Matthew Paris’s itinerary maps from London to Palestine
    • Italy, Germany, and the Czech Republic
      • Browse this content
      • The Crucifixion, c. 1200 (from Christus triumphans to Christus patiens)
      • Death of the Virgin, South portal, Strasbourg Cathedral
      • Synagoga and Ecclesia, Strasbourg Cathedral
      • Hiding the divine in a medieval Madonna: Shrine of the Virgin
      • Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Saint Francis Altarpiece
      • Inventing the image of Saint Francis
      • Venice’s San Marco, a mosaic of spiritual treasure
      • Röttgen Pietà
      • Altneushul, Prague
    • Spain
      • Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction
      • The Golden Haggadah
      • The Prato Haggadah
      • Book of Morals of Philosophers
      • > Jump to Late Gothic Spanish art
    • Portugal
      • Convent of Christ, Tomar
  • Late medieval
    • Browse this content
    • The “Hileq and Bileq” Haggadah
    • Michael Pacher, St. Wolfgang Altarpiece
    • Hermen Rode, Saints Nicholas and Victor Altarpiece
    • St. George and the Dragon, Storkyrkan Stockholm
    • Cahir Castle, Ireland
  • The Crusades
    • Browse this content
    • What were the crusades?
    • How was crusading justified?
    • The when, where and who (of crusading)
    • The impact of the crusades
    • Krak des Chevaliers
    • Acre

Medieval Europe + Byzantium

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • Introduction to the Middle Ages
    • A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art
    • Pilgrimage souvenirs 
    • Chivalry in the Middle Ages
    • Mapping the world
    • A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books
    • Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages
    • The medieval calendar
    • Medieval goldsmiths
    • The classical past
    • Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages
    • Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity
    • The Buddha’s long “journey” to Europe and Africa
  • Christianity and art
    • Browse this content
    • Christianity, an introduction
    • The Christian Bible
    • The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art
    • The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art
    • How to recognize the Four Evangelists
    • How to recognize saints
    • Architecture and liturgy
  • Judaism and art
    • Browse this content
    • Introduction to Judaism
    • Jewish history to the middle ages
    • Writing a history of Jewish architecture
  • Books in Medieval Europe
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Browse this content
      • Medieval manuscripts
      • Manuscripts: major works of art
      • Making manuscripts
      • The Bestiary
      • A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books
      • Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages
      • Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts
    • Making the medieval book
      • Browse this content
      • Listening to the medieval book
      • An introduction to medieval scripts
      • A medieval textbook
      • Parchment (the good, the bad, and the ugly)
      • Making Manuscripts: The Page
      • Skins and scraps
      • The work of the scribe
      • Words, words, words: medieval handwriting
      • Making books for profit in medieval times
      • Decorating the book
      • Biblical illumination
      • Illumination of Jewish biblical texts
      • Medieval supermodels
      • Binding the book
      • Clasps: hugging a medieval book
      • Medieval books in leather (and other materials)
    • Using the medieval book
      • Browse this content
      • The medieval desktop
      • Getting personal in the margins
      • Smart bookmarks
      • Finding books
      • The medieval origins of the modern footnote
      • Medieval notepads
    • Types of medieval books
      • An Introduction to the Bestiary, Book of Beasts in the Medieval World
      • Medieval prayer-books
  • Early Christian
    • Browse this content
    • Early Christianity, an introduction
    • Early Christian art
    • Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome
    • Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine
    • Basilica of Constantine (Aula Palatina), Trier
    • Santa Maria Antiqua
    • Santa Maria Antiqua Sarcophagus
    • The Good Shepherd in Early Christianity
    • Santa Pudenziana
    • Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
    • Basilica of Santa Sabina, Rome
    • Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
    • The Vienna Genesis
    • The Story of Jacob from the Vienna Genesis
    • Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well from the Vienna Genesis
    • Classicism and the Early Middle Ages
    • The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
  • Byzantine
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Byzantine art, an introduction
      • About the chronological periods of the Byzantine Empire
      • Icons, an introduction
      • Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy
      • Ancient and Byzantine mosaic materials
      • Wearable art in Byzantium
    • Early Byzantine (including Iconoclasm)
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • The origins of Byzantine architecture
        • Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine
        • Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian
        • SS. Sergius and Bacchus, preserved as the mosque, Küçük Ayasofya
        • Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
        • Byzantine architecture during Iconoclasm
      • Ravenna, Italy
        • Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy
        • Sant’Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy)
        • San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic
        • Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources
      • Art and architecture of Saint Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai
      • Woman with Scroll
      • Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis
      • Ivory Panel with Archangel
      • The Emperor Triumphant (Barberini Ivory)
      • The Vienna Dioscurides
      • Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George
      • A chalice from the Attarouthi Treasure
      • The Byzantine Fieschi Morgan cross reliquary
      • Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period
    • Middle Byzantine
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • Middle Byzantine church architecture
        • Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture
        • Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
      • A work in progress: Middle Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia
      • Theotokos mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
      • Mosaics and microcosm: the monasteries of Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni, and Daphni
      • Byzantine frescoes at Saint Panteleimon, Nerezi
      • Manuscripts
        • Book illumination in the Eastern Mediterranean
        • Illuminating the Psalms in Byzantium
        • The Paris Psalter
        • Illuminated Gospel-books
      • Middle Byzantine secular art
      • A Byzantine vision of Paradise — The Harbaville Triptych
      • Byzantium and its neighbors
        • Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period
        • Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, Torcello
        • Saint Mark’s Basilica, Venice
        • Mobility and reuse: the Romanos chalices and the chalice with hares
        • Byzantium, Kyivan Rus’, and their contested legacies
        • The visual culture of Norman Sicily
        • The Cappella Palatina
        • The Melisende Psalter
    • The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire
      • Byzantine Art and the Fourth Crusade
      • Plunder, War, and the Horses of San Marco
      • Icon of the Archangel Michael
      • Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade
    • Late Byzantine
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • Late Byzantine church architecture
        • Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
      • Deësis, Hagia Sophia
      • Picturing salvation — Chora’s brilliant Byzantine mosaics and frescoes
      • The vita icon in the medieval era
      • Byzantine miniature mosaics
      • Byzantine Griffin Panel
      • Icon with the Triumph of Orthodoxy
    • Post-Byzantine
      • Hagia Sophia as a mosque
      • Church of St. Nicholas, Balinesti
      • Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
  • Early Medieval
    • Browse this content
    • England
      • Anglo-Saxon England
      • Sutton Hoo Ship Burial (video)
      • Sutton Hoo Ship Burial
      • The Sutton Hoo purse lid
      • The Sutton Hoo helmet
      • Decoding Anglo-Saxon art
      • Brooch from Chessell Down
      • Fibulae
      • The Lindisfarne Gospels
      • Codex Amiatinus
      • The Utrecht Psalter
    • Ireland
      • Skellig Michael
      • Clonmacnoise
      • The Ardagh Chalice
      • Saint Patrick’s Bell and Shrine
      • The Book of Kells
      • Symbolism in the Book of Kells
      • Muiredach Cross
      • The Cross of Cong
  • Carolingian
    • Browse this content
    • Carolingian art, an introduction
    • Charlemagne (part 1 of 2): An introduction
    • Charlemagne (part 2 of 2): The Carolingian revival
    • Palatine Chapel, Aachen
    • Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels
    • Saint Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels
    • Depicting Judaism in a medieval Christian ivory
    • Lindau Gospels cover
    • Mosaics, Santa Prassede (Praxedes), Rome
    • Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan
  • Ottonian
    • Browse this content
    • Ottonian art, an introduction
    • Gospel Book of Otto III
    • Cross of Lothair II
    • Bronze doors, Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim (Germany)
  • Viking Age
    • Browse this content
    • Art of the Viking Age
    • Urnes Stave Church
  • Romanesque
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Browse this content
      • Romanesque art, an introduction
      • Romanesque architecture, an introduction
      • Medieval churches: sources and forms
      • Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic
      • A look at modern veneration
    • France
      • Browse this content
      • Cluny Abbey
      • Saint-Pierre, Moissac
      • Last Judgment, Tympanum, Cathedral of St. Lazare, Autun (France)
      • Church and Reliquary of Sainte-Foy, France
      • Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Basilica Ste-Madeleine, Vézelay (France)
      • Basilica of Saint-Sernin
      • Fontenay Abbey
      • Saint Trophime, Arles
      • Virgin and Child in Majesty
      • Casket with troubadours
      • Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy
    • Italy
      • The Basilica of San Clemente, Rome
      • The Romanesque churches of Tuscany: San Miniato in Florence and Pisa Cathedral
    • England
      • Browse this content
      • The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy
      • The Second Norman Conquest | Lanfranc’s Reforms
      • The English castle: dominating the landscape
      • Motte and Bailey Castles and the Norman Conquest | Windsor Castle Case Study
      • The Bayeux Tapestry
        • The Bayeux Tapestry
        • The Bayeux Tapestry, from BBC One’s Seven Ages of Britain
        • The Animated Bayeux Tapestry
      • Durham Cathedral
      • Peterborough Cathedral
      • The Morgan Leaf from The Winchester Bible
    • Ireland
      • Cormac’s Chapel
    • Spain
      • Browse this content
      • Historiated capitals, Church of Sant Miquel, Camarasa
      • “Throne of Wisdom” sculptures
      • Virgin from Ger
      • Circle of the Master of Pedret, The Wise and Foolish Virgins
      • The Painted Apse of Sant Climent, Taüll, with Christ in Majesty
      • Camel from San Baudelio de Berlanga
      • Plaque with the Journey to Emmaus and Noli Me Tangere
      • Teruel, mudéjar architecture of Aragon
      • The Cistercian Poblet Monastery
      • Conservation: Cast of the Pórtico de la Gloria
      • Medieval synagogues in Toledo, Spain
  • Gothic
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Gothic architecture explained
      • Gothic architecture, an introduction
      • Cecily Brown on medieval sculptures of the Madonna and Child
    • France
      • Browse this content
      • Architecture
        • Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at St. Denis
        • Chartres Cathedral
        • Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris
        • Reims Cathedral
        • Reims Cathedral and World War I
        • Amiens Cathedral
        • Sainte-Chapelle, Paris
      • Bible moralisée (moralized bibles)
      • Saint Louis Bible (Moralized Bible or Bible moralisée)
      • The Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux
      • Christ’s Side Wound and Instruments of the Passion from the Prayer Book of Bonne of Luxembourg
      • Ivory casket with scenes from medieval romances
    • England
      • Browse this content
      • Southwell Minster
      • Salisbury Cathedral
      • Lincoln Cathedral
      • Wells Cathedral
      • Gloucester Cathedral
      • Four styles of English medieval architecture at Ely Cathedral
      • The Chapter House of York Minster
      • Ely Cathedral’s Lady Chapel
      • Henry VII Chapel
      • The Wilton Diptych
      • Matthew Paris’s itinerary maps from London to Palestine
    • Italy, Germany, and the Czech Republic
      • Browse this content
      • The Crucifixion, c. 1200 (from Christus triumphans to Christus patiens)
      • Death of the Virgin, South portal, Strasbourg Cathedral
      • Synagoga and Ecclesia, Strasbourg Cathedral
      • Hiding the divine in a medieval Madonna: Shrine of the Virgin
      • Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Saint Francis Altarpiece
      • Inventing the image of Saint Francis
      • Venice’s San Marco, a mosaic of spiritual treasure
      • Röttgen Pietà
      • Altneushul, Prague
    • Spain
      • Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction
      • The Golden Haggadah
      • The Prato Haggadah
      • Book of Morals of Philosophers
      • > Jump to Late Gothic Spanish art
    • Portugal
      • Convent of Christ, Tomar
  • Late medieval
    • Browse this content
    • The “Hileq and Bileq” Haggadah
    • Michael Pacher, St. Wolfgang Altarpiece
    • Hermen Rode, Saints Nicholas and Victor Altarpiece
    • St. George and the Dragon, Storkyrkan Stockholm
    • Cahir Castle, Ireland
  • The Crusades
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    • What were the crusades?
    • How was crusading justified?
    • The when, where and who (of crusading)
    • The impact of the crusades
    • Krak des Chevaliers
    • Acre

Making manuscripts

by The J. Paul Getty Museum

Video from the J. Paul Getty Museum

Cite this page as: The J. Paul Getty Museum, "Making manuscripts," in Smarthistory, December 21, 2015, accessed November 30, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/making-manuscripts/.
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