Europe
Europe
Basics to get you started
A brief history of Western culture
A brief history of the representation of the body in Western painting
A brief history of the representation of the body in Western sculpture
Paleolithic art, an introduction
The Neolithic revolution
Romanticism in France
Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution
Architecture and liturgy
A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art
Medieval manuscripts, an introduction
The Bestiary
Skins and scraps
The work of the scribe
Making books for profit in medieval times
Medieval supermodels
Clasps: hugging a medieval book
Medieval books in leather (and other materials)
The medieval origins of the modern footnote
Medieval notepads
Early Christianity, an introduction
Byzantine art, an introduction
Carolingian art, an introduction
Romanesque art, an introduction
Romanesque architecture, an introduction
Medieval churches: sources and forms
Jewish history to the middle ages
Becoming modern in 19th-century Europe, an introduction
Romanticism, an introduction
Early photography: Niépce, Talbot, and Muybridge
Impressionism, an introduction
How the Impressionists got their name
Florence in the Early Renaissance
The painting of Paul Cézanne, an introduction
Early applications of linear perspective
Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction
Galileo Galilei
Galileo and the science of nature
Linear Perspective: Brunelleschi’s Experiment
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 1 of 4): Setting the stage
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 2 of 4): Martin Luther
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 3 of 4): Varieties of Protestantism
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 4 of 4): The Counter-Reformation
Listening to the medieval book
Manuscripts: major works of art
Chivalry in the Middle Ages
Ottonian art, an introduction
The Black Death
The Age of Enlightenment, an introduction
Illustrating a 15th-century Italian altarpiece
Decoding Anglo-Saxon art
The Renaissance in Spain
How to recognize Italian Renaissance art
Medieval goldsmiths
Classicism and the Early Middle Ages
Art and power: the Dukes of Burgundy
15th-century Flanders, an introduction
Impressionism as optical realism: Monet
Impressionism: painting modern life
The Medici collect the Americas
15th-century Spanish painting, an introduction
The Medieval and Renaissance Altarpiece
Neo-Impressionist Color Theory
Who’s who? How to recognize saints…
Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages
Africa in the European imagination
Sex, Power, and Violence in the Renaissance Nude
Types of renaissance patronage
The Pont-Aven School and Synthetism
The bestiary (book of beasts) in the medieval world, an introduction
Japonisme
The Nabis and decorative art
The Nabis and Symbolism
Confronting power and violence in the renaissance nude
Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade
Late Byzantine church architecture
Making Manuscripts: The Page
Iconoclasm in the Netherlands in the 16th century
Rewriting history: damnatio memoriae in ancient Rome
Staging the Egyptian harem for Western eyes
Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity
The formation of a French school: the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
Architecture in 18th-century Germany
Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction
Tiny timeline: global Europe
Napoleon’s appropriation of Italian cultural treasures
Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages
Illuminated Greek Gospel-books
Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy
Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages
Middle Byzantine secular art
Maria Sibylla Merian, an introduction
Henry VIII and the Reformation
Illumination of Jewish biblical texts
The role of the workshop in Italian renaissance art
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The visual culture of Norman Sicily
Josiah Wedgwood: tycoon of taste
Mapping the world
Byzantium, Kyivan Rus’, and their contested legacies
The Council of Trent and the call to reform art
Greek painters in renaissance Venice
The Buddha’s long “journey” to Europe and Africa
Preparatory drawing during the Italian renaissance, an introduction
Humanism in renaissance Italy
Humanism in Italian renaissance art
Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period
The role of the workshop in late medieval and early modern northern Europe
A primer for Italian renaissance art
The global Baroque, an introduction
Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts
The rise and fall of the Avis dynasty in Portugal, an introduction
Pilgrimage souvenirs
The Italian renaissance court artist
The status of the artist in renaissance Italy
Making Greek vases
Ancient Greek vase production and the black-figure technique
Olympic games
Greek sanctuaries as artistic hubs
Cycladic art, an introduction
Minoan art, an introduction
Mycenaean art, an introduction
Commemorating the Dead in Greek Geometric Art
Tiny timeline: Archaic Greece in a global context
Roman wall painting styles
Digging through time: Archaeology in Rome
Roman domestic architecture: the insula
Roman domestic architecture: the villa
The rediscovery of Pompeii and the other cities of Vesuvius
Pompeii, an introduction
Seizure of looted antiquities illuminates what museums want hidden
Italo-Roman building techniques
Obelisks and ancient Rome
The Etruscans, an introduction
Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy
The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy
The English castle: dominating the landscape
Medieval synagogues in Toledo, Spain
Dante’s Divine Comedy in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance art
Oil paint in Venice
Devotional confraternities (scuole) in Renaissance Venice
Saving Venice
Guido Mazzoni and Renaissance Emotions
Venetian glass, an introduction
Leonardo: Anatomist
Leonardo and his drawings
Renaissance woman: Isabella d’Este
Raphael, an introduction
Printmaking in Europe, c. 1400−1800
Tiny timelines: Michelangelo in context
Replicating Michelangelo
The Sack of Rome in 1527
Caravaggio and Caravaggisti in 17th-century Europe
Restoring ancient sculpture in Baroque Rome
Porcelain, gold, and the Dutch East India Company
Charles I as art collector
Rococo art, an introduction
The Tiepolo Family
Eugène Delacroix, an introduction
Constable and the English landscape
J.M.W. Turner at Tate Britain
The Pre-Raphaelites, an introduction
The Aesthetic Movement
Pablo Picasso’s Early Work
Inventing Cubism
Italian Futurism: An Introduction
The Case for Abstraction
Abstract art and Theosophy
Cubism and multiple perspectives
Salon Cubism
Synthetic Cubism, Part I
Synthetic Cubism, Part II
Umberto Boccioni and the Futurist City
Futurist Free Word Painting
De Stijl, Part I: Total Purity
De Stijl, Part II: Near-Abstraction and Pure Abstraction
De Stijl, Part III: The Total De Stijl Environment
The Bauhaus, an introduction
The Bauhaus: Marcel Breuer
The Bauhaus: Marianne Brandt
The Bauhaus and Bau
Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), an introduction
An interview with Anselm Kiefer
Describing what you see: sculpture
The vibrant visual cultures of the Islamic West, an introduction
Wangechi Mutu on Egon Schiele
Marcel Duchamp and the viewer
Murals and Public Art in 1930s Rome
What is: Degenerate Art?
Danh Vo interview: art should estrange
The Wiener Werkstätte
“Creative iconoclasm”: a tale of two monasteries
How did Lucian Freud present queer and marginalized bodies?
Zineb Sedira – ‘The Personal is Political’
Arts of the Islamic world
Conserving Old Master Drawings
Dada collage
Dada Manifesto
Dada pataphysics
Dada politics
Dada readymades
Der Blaue Reiter
Drawing with charcoal: historical techniques of 19th-century France
Expressionism, an introduction
Fauve Landscapes and City Views
Fauvism, an introduction
Formalism I: formal harmony
Formalism II: truth to materials
Franz Marc and the animalization of art
Jewish history 1750 to WW II
Jewish history in the post-war period
Kandinsky, Apocalypse, Abstraction
Local art appropriation in France—a study of the loot in the Louvre Museum
Making a Spanish polychrome sculpture
Modern art and reality
Mona Hatoum—”Nothing Is a Finished Project”
Primitivism and modern art
Surrealism and Psychoanalysis
Surrealism and Women
Surrealism, an introduction
Surrealism: Origins and Precursors
Surrealist Exhibitions
Surrealist Photography
Surrealist Techniques: Automatism
Surrealist Techniques: Collage
Surrealist Techniques: Subversive Realism
Simultanism: Robert Delaunay
The Science of Van Gogh’s Bedrooms
The Umayyads, an introduction
Linear perspective explained
The case for Conceptual art
Cubist Sculpture I
Cubist Sculpture II
Florence in the Late Gothic period, an introduction
Expressionism as Nordic?
Damnatio memoriae—Roman sanctions against memory
Realism, an introduction
Constructivism, Part II
How to recognize Baroque art
The rise of the Ottoman Empire
Contemporary art, an introduction
The vita icon in the medieval era
Ancient Greece, an introduction
The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art
Retro style in the Italian Renaissance
The Case for Surrealism
The case for Minimalism
The bug that had the world seeing red
Kazimir Malevich and Cubo-Futurism
Investigating Rothko’s technique
How to paint like Willem de Kooning
How to paint like Mark Rothko
Ellen Gallagher: Cutting
Neoclassicism, an introduction
Rome’s history in four faces at The Met
Surrealism: Imagining A New World
An interview with artist Ogawa Machiko
Dada performance
An interview with Sunil Gupta
The case for Ai Weiwei
The case for Mark Rothko
Impressionist color
Impressionist pictorial space
Naeem Mohaiemen
Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine
Gothic architecture, an introduction
The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art
The medieval calendar
Ancient Roman art, an introduction
Greek Vase-Painting, an introduction
Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian
Atmospheric perspective explained
Chiaroscuro explained
Contrapposto explained
The alchemy of color and chemical change in medieval manuscripts
Wearable art in Byzantium
What does “Impressionism” mean?
What were the crusades?
Why commission artwork during the renaissance?
Women in Roman art
Ancient and Byzantine mosaic materials
Illuminating the Psalms in Byzantium
Renaissance watercolors: materials and techniques
Russian Neo-Primitivism: Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov
Suprematism, Part I: Kazimir Malevich
Suprematism, Part II: El Lissitzky
Recording and representing India: the East India Company’s landscape practices
The impact of the crusades
Fahrelnissa Zeid – ‘She Was the East and the West’
Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
A brief history of the art museum
The reception of African art in the West
The Black Atlantic: toppled monuments and hidden histories
Remaking a 14th-century triptych
Baroque art, an introduction
An interview with Robert Frank
Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period
Decorating the book
The origins of Byzantine architecture
Expression and modern art
Greek architectural orders
Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine
Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
Common types of mosque architecture
Lee Ufan
Mark Rothko (at MoMA)
Middle Byzantine church architecture
Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning
Paintings in the early Islamic world
How was crusading justified?
Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture
Trafficking the past
What can be done to protect cultural heritage?
The Protestant Reformation
Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
Arts of the Islamic world: The early period
Arts of the Islamic world: The later period
The Miracle of the Black Leg
What is: brutalism?
The Geometric period, an introduction
Art Appreciation: Religion—comparisons and connections
Art Appreciation: Nature—comparisons and connections
Donatello’s marble carving technique
Brian Clarke: The Art of Light
Moses Quiquine: homage to my ancestors
Western appreciation of African art
Performance art, an introduction
The story of ultramarine from the Silk Road to Renoir
The court carpets of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, an introduction
The fall of the Ottoman Empire
The rise and fall of the Mongol Empire
Fluxus, an introduction
Timeline
Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, c. 2550–1600 B.C.E., circle 97 feet in diameter, trilithons: 24 feet high (photo: thegarethwiscombe, CC BY 2.0)
Works of Art
Artists
Gianlorenzo Bernini, David, 1623, marble, 5 feet, 7 inches high (Galleria Borghese, Rome; Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Periods, Cultures, Styles
Prehistoric
before 2000 B.C.E.
Paleolithic
before 10,000 B.C.E.
Neolithic
c. 10,000–2000 B.C.E.
Ancient Aegean
c. 3200–1050 B.C.E.
Minoan
c. 3000–1450 B.C.E.
Cycladic
c. 3000–2000 B.C.E.
Mycenaean
c. 1600–1050 B.C.E.
Ancient Greek
c. 1100–31 B.C.E.
Geometric period
c. 1100–700 B.C.E.
Etruscan
c. 800–500 B.C.E.
Pompeii
c. 800 B.C.E.–79 C.E.
Ancient Roman
c. 753 B.C.E.–410 C.E.
Protoarchaic
c. 700–600 B.C.E.
Archaic
c. 600–480 B.C.E.
Celtic
c. 600 B.C.E.–100 C.E.
Persian (Achaemenid Empire)
c. 550–330 B.C.E.
Roman Republic
c. 509–27 B.C.E.
Early Classical
480–450 B.C.E.
High Classical
450–400 B.C.E.
Late Classical
400–323 B.C.E.
Hellenistic
323–31 B.C.E.
Early Roman Empire
c. 27 B.C.E.–117 C.E.
Middle Roman Empire
c. 117–235 C.E.
Early Christian
c. 150–700
Late Roman Empire
c. 235–410 C.E.
Hunnic
c. 300–500 C.E.
Medieval
c. 330–1453
Byzantine
c. 330–1453
Early Byzantine
c. 330–843
Early Medieval
c. 500–1000
Islamic
c. 640–1924
Umayyad
661–750
Carolingian
c. 780–900
Viking Age
c. 8th–13th century
Middle Byzantine
c. 843–1204
Mozarabic
c. late 9th–10th century
Norman
c. 900–1200
Ottonian
c. 936–1015
Romanesque
c. 1000–1200
The Crusades
c. 1095–1291
Gothic
c. 1100–1500
Mudéjar
c. 12th–early 17th century
Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire
c. 1204–61
Mongol Empire
1206–1368
Nasrid dynasty
1232–1492
Late Byzantine
1261–1453
Yuan dynasty
1279–1368
Ottoman
1298–1924
Late Gothic
c. 1300–1400
Wallachian
1330–1859
Moldavian
c. 1346–1859
Manueline
late 14th–mid-16th century
Late Medieval
c. 1400–1500
Renaissance
1400–1600
Italian Renaissance
c. 1400–1600
Northern Renaissance
c. 1400–1600
Burgundian
c. 15th century
Spanish and Portuguese Renaissance
c. 1400–1600
Post-Byzantine
1453 and after
Northern Mannerism
c. 1500–1600
Mannerism
c. 1520–1600
Italian Mannerism
1520–90
Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Dutch Baroque
c. 1600–1700
English Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Flemish Baroque
c. 1600–1700
French Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Italian Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Portuguese Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Spanish Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Eastern European Baroque
c. 1600–1700
Age of Enlightenment
17th–18th century
Academic
1648–today
Rococo
c. 1700–75
Gothic Revival
Mid-18th century–late 19th century
Neoclassicism
c. 1760–1830
Romanticism
c. 1800–1848
Nazarene
c. 1809–30
Early photography
c. 1826–85
Realism
c. 1830–80
Beaux-Arts
19th–early 20th century
Victorian
1837–1901
Early Victorian
1837–51
Pre-Raphaelitism
c. 1848–98
Mid-Victorian
c. 1851–70
Second Empire
1852–70
Arts and Crafts
c. 1860–1920
Aestheticism
c. 1862–1900
Peredvizhniki
c. 1863–1923
Impressionism
c. 1870–1920
Late Victorian
c. 1875–1901
Post-Impressionism
c. 1880–1900
Art Nouveau
c. 1880–1910
Symbolism
c. 1880–1910
Nabis
1888–1900
Vienna Secession
c. 1897–1914
Modernisms
c. 1900–1980
Wiener Werkstätte
1903–32
School of Paris
c. 1904–39
Fauvism
c. 1904–10
Expressionism
1905–14
Cubism
1907–39
Futurism
1909–17
Metaphysical art
1910–1924
Orphism
1912–14
Dada
1913–24
Suprematism
1913–34
Russian Constructivism
1915–34
De Stijl
1917–31
Russian avant-garde
c. 1918–41
Purism
1918–25
Bauhaus
1919–33
New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit)
c. 1920–30
International Style
c. 1920–1980
Surrealism
1922–c. 1950
Nazi and fascist visual culture
1933–45
Socialist Realism
1934–91
Art brut
c. 1940–65
Pop Art
c. 1956–75 and after
Minimalism
c. 1959–75
Conceptual art
c. 1960–70 and after
Brutalist
1960s–70s
Capitalist Realism
1961–today
Late Modernism/Postmodernism
1962–today
Fluxus
1962–79
Arte Povera
c. 1965–80
Contemporary
1980–today
Young British Artists (YBA)
c. 1988–2000
