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Modernisms
1900-1980

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A beginner's guide
An Introduction to photography in the early 20th century
Contemporary Art, an introduction
Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
Art and context: Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville and Malevich’s White on White
Key concepts
Modern art and reality
Expression and modern art
Primitivism and Modern Art
Formalism I: Formal Harmony
Formalism II: Truth to Materials
Fauvism + Expressionism
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Fauvism
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Fauvism, an introduction
Fauve Landscapes and City Views
André Derain, The Dance
Henri Matisse
Luxe, calme et volupté
Open Window, Collioure
Bonheur de Vivre
Dance I
The Red Studio
The Blue Window
Goldfish
The Piano Lesson
The illustrated book Jazz
Expressionism
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Expressionism, an introduction
Expressionism as Nordic?
Der Blaue Reiter
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Self-Portrait As a Soldier
Street, Dresden
Street, Berlin
Paula Modersohn-Becker, Self-Portrait Nude with Amber Necklace, Half-Length I
Emil Nolde, Young Couple
Alexej von Jawlensky, Young Girl in a Flowered Hat
Vasily Kandinsky
Kandinsky, Apocalypse, Abstraction
Improvisation 28 (second version)
Klänge (Sounds)
Franz Marc and the animalization of art
Egon Schiele
Seated Male Nude (Self-Portrait)
Nazi looting: Egon Schiele’s Portrait of Wally
The Hermits
Wangechi Mutu on Egon Schiele
Cubism + early abstraction
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The Case for Abstraction
Who created the first abstract artwork?
Abstract art and Theosophy
Cubism
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Beginner's guide to Cubism
Pablo Picasso and the new language of Cubism
Inventing Cubism
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Synthetic Cubism, Part I
Synthetic Cubism, Part II
Salon Cubism
Pablo Picasso
How to paint like Pablo Picasso (Cubism)
Picasso’s Early Work
Guernica
Portrait of Gertrude Stein
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Pablo Picasso, Three Women
The Reservoir, Horta de Ebro
Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
Still Life with Chair Caning
Pablo Picasso, The Three Musicians
Guitar
Georges Braque
Le Viaduc à L'Estaque, (The Viaduct at L'Estaque)
Georges Braque, Violin and Palette
Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso: Two Cubist Musicians
The Portuguese
Cubist sculpture
Cubist Sculpture I
Cubist Sculpture II
Juan Gris, The Table
The Cubist City – Robert Delaunay and Fernand Léger
Fernand Léger, Contrast of Forms
Simultanism (Orphism)
Sonia Delaunay
Robert Delaunay
Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon
Russian avant-garde
Russian Neo-Primitivism: Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov
Kazmir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: White on White
Kasimir Malevich and Cubo-Futurism
Suprematism, Part I: Kasimir Malevich
Suprematism, Part II: El Lissitzky
Constructivism, Part I
Constructivism, Part II
Tatlin’s Tower
Varvara Stepanova, The Results of the First Five-Year Plan
Purism
School of Paris
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Amedeo Modigliani, Young Woman in a Shirt
Constantin Brancusi
The Kiss
Photography
Henri Cartier-Bresson, Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare
De Stijl
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De Stijl, Part I: Total Purity
De Stijl, Part II: Near-Abstraction and Pure Abstraction
De Stijl, Part III: The Total De Stijl Environment
Piet Mondrian
Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow
Composition No. II, with Red and Blue
TateShots: Piet Mondrian
British art and literature
British Art and Literature During WWI
The Old Guitarist, and the question of beauty
Italian art before WWI
Futurism
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Italian Futurism: An Introduction
Futurist Free Word Painting
Umberto Boccioni and the Futurist City
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
Gino Severini, Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin
Giacomo Balla, Street Light
Carlo Carrà, Funeral of the Anarchist Galli
Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Horse
Metaphysical Art
Giorgio de Chirico, The Soothsayer’s Recompense
Dada + Surrealism
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Dada
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A beginner's guide to Dada
Introduction to Dada
Dada Manifesto
Dada Pataphysics
Dada Politics
Dada Collage
Dada Readymades
Dada Performance
Marcel Duchamp
Nude Descending a Staircase, No 2
Art as concept: In Advance of the Broken Arm
Fountain
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
Boite-en-valise, Series F
Marcel Duchamp and the Viewer
Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale
Raoul Hausmann, Spirit of the Age: Mechanical Head
Dada's "Aproximate Man": A Portrait of Tristan Tzara (1919) by Marcel Janco
Hannah Höch,Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany (essay)
Francis Picabia, Ideal
Surrealism
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A beginner's guide
Surrealism, an introduction
The Case for Surrealism
Surrealism: Origins and Precursors
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Surrealist Techniques: Subversive Realism
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Surrealist Photography
Surrealist Exhibitions
Surrealism and Women
Man Ray, The Gift
René Magritte, The Treachery of Images (Ceci n’est pas une pipe)
Salvador Dalí
The Persistence of Memory
Metamorphosis of Narcissus
Alberto Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.
Meret Oppenheim, Object (Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon)
German & Italian art between the wars
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Prints and photography
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Käthe Kollwitz, In Memoriam Karl Liebknecht
August Sander, Portraits
Umbo, The Roving Reporter
Horst P. Horst, Mainbocher Corset, Paris
Bauhaus
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The Bauhaus, an Introduction
The Bauhaus and Bau
The Bauhaus: Marcel Breuer
The Bauhaus: Marianne Brandt
Lyonel Feininger, Cathedral for Program of the State Bauhaus in Weimar
Paul Klee, Twittering Machine (Die Zwitscher-Maschine)
László Moholy-Nagy
Telephone Pictures
Composition A.XX
Climbing the Mast
New Objectivity
Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) – An Introduction
Christian Schad, Self-Portrait
George Grosz, Remembering
Nazi & Fascist visual culture
Paul Troost, House of (German) Art
Art in Nazi Germany
What is: Degenerate Art?
Murals and Public Art in 1930s Rome
Latin American Modernism
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Beginner's guide
Latin American art, an introduction
Early vanguards
Francisco Goitia, Tata Jesucristo
Mexican Muralism
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Mexican Muralism: Los Tres Grandes David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco
Diego Rivera
Diego Rivera, first and second floor murals of the Secretaría de Educación Pública
The History of Mexico: Diego Rivera’s Murals at the National Palace
Sugar Cane
Man at the Crossroads
Man Controller of the Universe
Detroit Industry Murals
Detroit Industry Murals by Diego Rivera
Calla Lilly Vendor (Vendedora de Alcatraces)
Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park
José Clemente Orozco, Dive Bomber and Tank
Surrealism
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Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo, introduction
Frieda and Diego Rivera​
The Two Fridas (Las dos Fridas)
Wifredo Lam
The Jungle
The Eternal Presence
Constructivism
Geometric Abstraction in South America, an introduction
Joaquín Torres-García, Inverted America
Lygia Clark, Bicho
Breaking the Frame – the Concrete Art Movement
Painting in an Industrial Age – the Concrete Art Movement
The Challenge of a Straight Line – the Concrete Art Movement
Brazilian modernism
The origins of modern art in São Paulo, an introduction
An Antidote for Social Amnesia: The Memory Space of the Cais do Valongo
Letícia Parente, Marca registrada
Hélio Oiticica, Parangolés
Inernational style architecture
International Style architecture in Mexico and Brazil
Building Brasília
American art to WWII
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American Impressionism
Metcalf, Havana Harbor
When the department store was new: Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones, The Shoe Shop
Symbolism
Henry Ossawa Tanner
The Banjo Lesson
Angels Appearing before the Shepherds
Ashcan School
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The Ashcan School, an introduction
George Luks, Hester Street
George Bellows
Pennsylvania Station Excavation
Both Members of This Club
Return of the Useless
John Sloan, Movies
291
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291—Little Galleries of the Photo Secession
Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage
Marsden Hartley, Portrait of a German Officer
Joseph Stella, The Voice of the City of New York Interpreted
Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold
Georgia O’Keeffe, The Lawrence Tree
American Modernism
Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Little Joe with Cow
Elsie Driggs, Blast Furnaces
Millard Sheets, Tenement Flats
The American west
Stephen Mopope, U.S. Post Office Murals, Anadarko, OK
The American south and southwest
Robert Henri, Tom Po Qui (Water of Antelope Lake/Indian Girl/Ramoncita)
The lure of the American Southwest: E. Martin Hennings, Rabbit Hunt
Velino Shije Herrera (Ma Pe Wi), Design, Tree and Birds
Awa Tsireh’s Pottery Makers
Harlem Renaissance
Aaron Douglas, Aspiration
Jacob Lawrence
The Migration Series
Ambulance Call
Social Realism
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Todros Geller, Strange Worlds
Grant Wood
American Gothic
Parson Weems' Fable
Vertis Hayes, The Lynchers
Reginald Marsh, Wooden Horses
Ben Shahn
The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti
Miners' Wives
Contemporary American Sculpture
Romare Bearden, Factory Workers
Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
Horace Pippin
Horace Pippin, Mr. Prejudice
Josiah McElheny on Horace Pippin
Norman Rockwell, Rosie the Riveter
Sculpture
Frederick MacMonnies, Civic Virtue
Stone Mountain, Georgia
Alexander Calder, Mobile
Photography
Walker Evans, Subway Passengers, New York City
Ansel Adams: Visualizing a Photograph
Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother
Postwar American art
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Abstract Expressionism
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Finding meaning in abstraction
Abstract Expressionism, an introduction
Willem de Kooning, Woman, I
Lee Krasner, Untitled
Mark Bradford on Clyfford Still
Robert Motherwell, Elegy to the Spanish Republic No. 57
Jackson Pollock
Autumn Rhythm
Mural
The Case for Jackson Pollock
Why is that important? Looking at Jackson Pollock
The Painting Techniques of Jackson Pollock
Conservation: Jackson Pollock, One: Number 31, 1950
Paint Application Studies of Jackson Pollock’s Mural
Mark Rothko
No. 210/No. 211 (Orange), 1960
No. 3/No. 13
The Case for Mark Rothko
Mark Rothko (at MoMA)
Restoring Rothko
Barnett Newman
Onement, I
Barnett Newman at MoMA
The Painting Techniques of Barnett Newman
Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
Franz Kline
Franz Kline at MoMA
The Painting Techniques of Franz Kline
Joan Mitchell, Low Water
New York School
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The Impact of Abstract Expressionism
Jasper Johns
Flag
White Flag
Robert Rauschenberg
Erased de Kooning Drawing
Canyon
Bed
Retroactive I
Ed Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz, Useful Art #5: The Western Motel
Ad Reinhardt
Abstract Painting
Ad Reinhardt at MoMA
The Painting Techniques of Ad Reinhardt
Helen Frankenthaler
Mountains and Sea
The Bay
Frank Stella, The Marriage of Reason and Squalor
Protractor, Variation I by Frank Stella
Postwar figurative art
George Tooker, Highway
Jess, If All the World Were Paper and All the Water Sink
Benny Andrews, Flag Day
Duane Hanson, Executive
Faith Ringgold, Dancing at the Louvre
Faith Ringgold, Ben
Lin Tianmiao on Alex Katz’s Black and Brown Blouse
Postwar abstraction
Josef Albers, Homage to the Square
Ruth Asawa, Untitled
Trane by William T. Williams
Pop art
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A beginner's guide
Contemporary Art, an introduction
Pop Art
Andy Warhol
Coca-Cola [3]
Marilyn Diptych
Why is this art? Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans
The Case for Andy Warhol
Gold Marilyn Monroe
Marisol, The Party
Claes Oldenburg
Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks
Floor Cake
James Rosenquist, F-111
Roy Lichtenstein, Rouen Cathedral Set V
Minimalism + Earthworks
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A beginner's guide
An introduction to Minimalism
The Case for Minimalism
The Case for Land Art
Carl Andre, Lever
Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty
Robert Morris
(Untitled) L-Beams
Bodyspacemotionthings
Walter De Maria, The Lightning Field
Nicolás García Uriburu, Coloration of the Grand Canal, Venice
Donald Judd, Untitled
Richard Serra
Tilted Arc
Intersection II
Torqued Ellipse IV
Band
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, The Gates
Photography
Gordon Parks, Off on My Own (Harlem, New York)
LaToya Ruby Frazier on Gordon Parks’s Red Jackson
Garry Winogrand, Democratic Convention, 1960
New Topographics
How Photographs of Poverty in the Americas Ignited an International Battle over Propaganda
Richard Misrach’s early work and Border Cantos
Robert Frank
An interview with Robert Frank
Rashid Johnson on Robert Frank’s The Americans
Postwar European art
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France
Jean Dubuffet
A View of Paris: The Life of Pleasure
Childbirth
Switzerland
Alberto Giacometti, Walking Man II
Jean Tinguely, Homage to New York
Germany
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Joseph Beuys
Table with Accumulator (Tisch mit Aggregat)
Fat Chair
Feet Washing and Conceptual Performance
Sigmar Polke
Bunnies
Watchtower series
Gerhard Richter
Uncle Rudi
Betty
Gerhard Richter, September
Gerhard Richter, The Cage Paintings (1-6)
Anselm Kiefer
Anselm Kiefer, Shulamite
An interview with Anselm Kiefer
Britain
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Barbara Hepworth, Pelagos
Describing Sculpture: Henry Moore's Reclining Figure
Francis Bacon, Triptych – August 1972
Lucian Freud, Standing by the Rags
Poland
Magdalena Abakanowicz, Androgyne III
Conceptual + Performance Art
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Conceptual Art
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A beginner's guide
Conceptual Art, An Introduction
The Case for Conceptual Art
Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs
The Case for Yoko Ono
John Baldessari, I Will Not Make Any More Boring Art
Hans Haacke, Seurat’s “Les Poseuses” (small version), 1884-1975
Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii
Yayoi Kusama
Narcissus Garden
Yayoi Kusama (Tate)
Pumpkin by Yayoi Kusama
Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths
Mónica Mayer, The Clothesline
Performance Art
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Performance Art, an Introduction
The Case for Performance Art
Shiraga Kazuo, Challenging Mud
Vito Acconci, Following Piece
Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Outside (July 23, 1973)
Gordon Matta-Clark, Splitting
Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present
Post Minimalism
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Alternative art spaces in NYC
Eva Hesse
The last work of Eva Hesse
Eva Hesse, Untitled (Rope Piece)
Eva Hesse, Untitled
Louise Bourgeois, Cumul I
Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party
Chicano Art Movement
Royal Chicano Air Force (RCAF)
Self Help Graphics and Art
Kay WalkingStick, Me and My Neon Box
Eleanor Antin, Carving: A Traditional Sculpture
Robert Colescott, I Gets a Thrill Too When I Sees De Koo
Mary Kelly, Post-Partum Document
Jackie Winsor, #1 Rope
Postcolonial modernisms
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Ethiopia
Skunder Boghossian, Night Flight of Dread and Delight
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Uche Okeke
Sudan
Ibrahim El-Salahi, Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams
Mali
Seydou Keïta, Untitled (Seated Woman with Chevron Print Dress)
Mickalene Thomas on Seydou Keïta
Postwar Asia
China
Liu Chunhua, Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
Korea
Song Su-Nam, Summer Trees
Architecture, design, and dance
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A beginner's guide
What is: brutalism?
Vienna Secession
Josef Maria Olbrich, The Secession Building
Otto Wagner, Postal Savings Bank
Chicago School
Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building
New York skyscrapers & landmarks
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Cass Gilbert, Woolworth Building
Van Alen, The Chrysler Building
Rockefeller Center
A Landmark Decision: Penn Station, Grand Central, and the architectural heritage of NYC
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Peter Behrens, Turbine Factory
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Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City
Fallingwater
Gordon Bunshaft for Skidmore Owings and Merrill, Lever House
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York City
Negotiating the past in Berlin: the Palast der Republik
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Libbey Glass Company, Punch Bowl
Connecticut Klan robe
Russel Wright, “American Modern” Pitchers
Glass Chair at the 1939 New York World’s Fair
Late Modernism/Post-Modernism
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Running in sneakers, the Judson Dance Theater
The Berlin Wall as a political symbol
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Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Robert Venturi, House in New Castle County, Delaware
Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Bilbao
Zaha Hadid, MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts

The Case for Surrealism

by The Art Assignment

Speaker: Sarah Urist Green

Additional resources:

Surrealism essay from The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
Max Ernst Two Children Are Threatened by a NightingaleMagritte, The Human ConditionGiacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.Salvador Dalí, Metamorphosis of Narcissus with ViewerSalvador Dalí, Metamorphosis of Narcissus with Gesturing HandSalvador Dalí, Metamorphosis of Narcissus at Tate ModernSalvador Dalí, Metamorphosis of Narcissus with detail of antsSalvador Dalí, Metamorphosis of Narcissus with detail of stone handSalvador Dalí, Metamorphosis of Narcissus with detail of walnut-headed figure

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Cite this page as: The Art Assignment, "The Case for Surrealism," in Smarthistory, August 2, 2017, accessed July 31, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/case-for-surrealism/.

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A young (and ambitious) Rembrandt

Rembrandt's Self-Portrait, Age 23

Rembrandt, Self-Portrait

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