Smarthistory Logo
Smarthistory Logo
  • About
      • ABOUT SMARTHISTORY
      • What is Smarthistory?
      • Who is Smarthistory?
      • Is Smarthistory reliable?
      • Museum and institutional partners
      • Major donors
      • Press coverage
      • Our blog
      • Give us feedback
      • Contact us

      • At Smarthistory, the Center for Public Art History, we believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background.

        With 503 contributors from 201 colleges, universities, museums, and research centers, Smarthistory is the most-visited art history resource in the world.

  • For Learning
      • ART HISTORIES
      • Start here
      • Prehistoric
      • Africa
      • Americas
      • Asia
      • Ancient Mediterranean + Europe
      • Medieval Europe + Byzantine
      • The Islamic World
      • Europe 1300–1800
      • Europe 1800–1900
      • Pacific Islands
      • Modernisms 1900–1980
      • Art since 1980
      • TOPICS & COURSES
      • Art Appreciation
      • AP® Art History
      • A-Level Art History
      • History of photography
      • Creating and conserving
      • SPECIAL PROJECTS
      • The U.S. Civil War in Art
      • Seeing America
      • Not your grandfather’s art history: a BIPOC Reader
      • ARCHES: At-risk Cultural Heritage
      • Expanding the Renaissance
      • Across Cultures
      • Virtual Visits
  • Books
      • SMARTHISTORY BOOKS
      • Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook
      • Guide to Byzantine Art
      • Guide to Ancient Roman Art
      • Guide to AP® Art History vol. 1 (#1–47)
      • Guide to AP® Art History vol. 2 (#48–98)
      • Guide to AP® Art History vol. 3 (#99–152)
      • See complete collection of titles
      • NEW TITLES
        • reframing art history cover smReframing Art History
          a new kind of textbook
        • Byzantine cover jpgGuide to Byzantine art
  • For Teaching
      • TOOLS FOR TEACHING
      • All content for teaching
      • Webinars past & present
      • Teaching with images: K-12
      • Syllabi
      • Do-it-yourself tools
        • UPCOMING EVENT
          • Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings

            Oct.18.2023

            1:00–1:30 PM ET

            BIPOC Reader: Teaching Practices and Strategies with…

        • PAST EVENT
          • Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings

            Apr.06.2022

            The Kaaba with Dr. Nancy Demerdash

  • Support
      • SUPPORT SMARTHISTORY
      • Donate
      • Contribute an essay

      • We created Smarthistory to provide students around the world with the highest-quality educational resources for art and cultural heritage—for free.

  • Search

All Results

Generic filters
Search in excerpt

The Americas to 1900

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • Defining “Pre-Columbian” and “Mesoamerica”
    • Introduction to the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas
    • African religious culture in the Atlantic world
    • Latin American art: an introduction
    • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
    • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
    • Teresita Fernández on Precolumbian gold
  • North America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Native American / First Nations
      • Browse this content
      • Clovis culture
        • Clovis Culture, an introduction
      • Bannerstones, an introduction
      • Moundbuilders
        • Fort Ancient Culture: Great Serpent Mound
        • Mississippian shell neck ornament (gorget)
      • Ancestral Puebloan
        • Mesa Verde
        • Chaco Canyon
        • Socorro black-on-white storage jar
      • Mogollon
        • Introduction to Mogollon
        • Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Mogollon culture
    • Mesoamerica
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide to Mesoamerica
        • Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Periods in Mesoamerican history
        • The Mesoamerican Calendar
        • Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine
        • Late pre-classic Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Mesoamerican art in context: an excerpt from an origin story (Popol Vuh)
        • Glossary for pre-Columbian art
      • Tlatilco
        • Tlatilco Figurines
      • Olmec
        • Browse this content
        • Kunz Axe (Olmec)
        • Offering #4, La Venta
        • The Lord of Las Limas
        • Olmec Jade
        • Olmec mask (offering 20 from the Templo Mayor)
        • Olmec mask at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
        • Olmec figurine
      • West Mexico
        • Pottery dog, Colima culture
        • Rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
      • Zapotec
        • Ancestor figure
      • Teotihuacan
        • Teotihuacan
        • Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Sun
      • Classic Veracruz culture
        • The Mesoamerican ballgame and a Classic Veracruz yoke
        • El Tajín
      • Maya
        • Browse this content
        • The Maya, an introduction
        • Maya glyphs, a basic introduction
        • Plaque of a Maya king from Teotihuacan
        • Mirror-Bearer
        • Vessel with a mythological scene
        • Politics and History on a Maya Vase
        • Maya: The Fenton Vase
        • Chakalte’, Relief with Enthroned Ruler
        • Classic Maya portrait stelae
        • Palenque (Classic Period)
        • Maya: The Yaxchilán Lintels
        • Yaxchilán—Lintels 24 and 25 from Structure 23 and structures 33 and 40
        • Códice Maya de México
          Getty Conversations
        • Tikal
        • Tikal Stela 16
        • Copán
        • Quiriguá
      • Xochicalco
      • Cholula
        • Pottery vessel, Mixteca-Puebla style
      • Huastec
        • Huastec: Life-Death Figure
      • Paquimé (Casas Grandes)
        • Paquimé, Casas Grandes
        • Paquimé jars
      • Mixtec
        • Codex Zouche-Nuttall
        • Gold pendant depicting a ruler
      • Aztec
        • Browse this content
        • Beginner’s guide to the Mexica
          • Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • More on the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • Serpents in Mexica culture
        • The Templo Mayor and the Coyolxauhqui Stone
        • Coatlicue
        • Tlaloc vessel
        • The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone) (Aztec)
        • Coyolxauhqui Monolith
        • Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord)
        • Pottery model temples
        • Wooden slit-drum (teponaztli)
        • Codex Borgia
        • Turquoise mosaics
          • Turquoise mosaics, an introduction
          • Double-headed serpent
          • Serpent mask of Quetzalcoatl or Tlaloc
          • Mosaic mask of Tezcatlipoca
        • The House of the Eagles, and sculptures of Mictlantecuhtli and Eagle Warrior
        • Eagle Warrior
        • Stone kneeling figure of Chalchiuhtlicue
        • Seated figure of Xochipilli
        • Seated figure of Xiuhtecuhtli
        • Xiuhcoatl (fire serpent)
        • Brazier of Chicomecoatl
        • Aztec feathered headdress
        • Aztec art and feasts for the dead
        • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Painting Aztec History
    • Isthmian cultures (Central America)
      • Browse this content
      • Doe Shaman Effigy
      • Mirror Pendant in the Form of a Bat-Human From Grave 5, Sitio Conte
      • Central American art in context: an origin story of the Bribri people
    • Caribbean
      • Introduction to Taíno art
      • Taíno Zemis and Duhos
      • Taíno duho
  • North America c. 1500–1900
    • Browse this content
    • Native North American art
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
        • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
      • East
        • Browse this content
        • Global trade and an 18th-century Anishinaabe outfit
        • Anishinaabe shoulder bag
        • The bandolier bag (Lenni Lenape)
        • Bandolier Bag, an introduction
        • Codex Canadensis
      • West
        • Browse this content
        • 19th century
          • War Shirt (Upper Missouri River)
          • Juana Basilia Sitmelelene, Presentation Basket (Chumash)
          • Bear Claw Necklace (Pawnee)
          • Eastern Shoshone: Hide Painting of the Sun Dance, attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody)
          • Feathered war bonnet
          • Headdress (Cheyenne or Lakota)
          • Paukeigope (Kiowa), Cradleboard
          • Mató Nájin/Standing Bear (Minneconjou Lakota/Teton Sioux), Battle of Little Bighorn
          • Nellie Two Bear Gates (Iháƞktȟuƞwaƞna Dakhóta, Standing Rock Reservation), Suitcase
        • 20th century
          • Henry Oscar One Bull (Hunkpapa Lakota), Custer’s War
          • Carrie Bethel (Mono Lake Paiute), Basket bowl
          • Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
      • Southwest
        • Browse this content
        • Pueblo architecture and its relationship to place
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Acoma polychrome water jar
        • Hopi: White Ogre Tihu (Katsina Figure)
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), Polacca polychrome water jar
        • Maria Martinez (Puebloan), Black-on-black ceramic vessel
        • Julian Martinez (Puebloan), Buffalo Dancers
        • Awa Tsireh (Puebloan), Pottery Makers
        • The pueblo modernism of Ma Pe Wi (Puebloan)
      • Northwest coast & Arctic
        • Browse this content
        • Tsimshian shaman’s rattle
        • Ceremonial belt (Kwakwaka’wakw)
        • Transformation masks, an introduction
        • North Wind Mask (Yu’pik)
        • Arctic clothing
        • Haida totem pole, from Old Kasaan
        • Haida potlatch pole
        • Bentwood Boxes of the Northwest Coast peoples
        • Tlingit mortuary and memorial totem poles
        • Tlingit Proud Raven totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • Tlingit Oyster Man totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • The Chief Johnson Totem Pole
        • Dorica Jackson, Diving Whale Chilkat Robe
        • Clarissa Rizal (Tlingit), Resilience Robe
        • Northwest Coast Basketry—Woven Traditions
    • New Spain
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • New Spain, an introduction
        • Prints and Printmakers in Colonial New Spain
        • The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red
        • The Medici collect the Americas
        • Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Corn pith sculptures
        • Defensive saints and angels in the Spanish Americas
        • Elite secular art in New Spain
      • 16th century
        • Hispaniola’s early colonial art, an introduction 
        • The Codex Huexotzinco
        • La Casa del Deán in Puebla
        • Classical Architecture in Viceregal Mexico
        • Puebla de los Ángeles and the classical architectural tradition
        • Hearst Chalice
        • Missions and their art
          • Mission churches as theaters of conversion in New Spain
          • St. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo
          • The Convento of San Nicolás de Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo
          • A new Jerusalem in the Americas—the convento of Acolman
          • Murals from New Spain, San Agustín de Acolman
          • Atrial Cross at Acolman
        • Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
        • Images of Africans in the Codex Telleriano Remensis and Codex Azcatitlan
        • The Florentine Codex
          • Bernardino de Sahagún and Indigenous collaborators, Florentine Codex
          • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Featherworks
          • Featherworks: The Mass of St. Gregory
          • A Renaissance miniature in wood and feathers
          • A shimmering saint, St. John in featherwork
        • Map of Cholula, from the relaciones geográficas
        • “Burning of the Idols,” in Diego Muñoz Camargo’s Description of the City and Province of Tlaxcala
        • Engravings in Diego de Valadés’s Rhetorica Christiana
        • Saintly violence? Santiago on Horseback
        • The manuscripts of Luis de Carvajal
        • Andrés de Concha, St. Cecilia
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Testerian Catechism, The Egerton Codex
        • Baltasar de Echave Ibía, The Hermits
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Sebastián López de Arteaga, Marriage of the Virgin
        • Miguel González, The Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Christ Crucified, a Hispano-Philippine ivory
        • Cristóbal de Villalpando, View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico City
        • Talavera poblana
        • Biombos (folding screens)
          • Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene (or Brooklyn Biombo)
          • Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City
        • Miguel Cabrera
          • Virgin of the Apocalypse
          • Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
        • Casta paintings
          • Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo, attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez
          • Francisco Clapera, set of sixteen casta paintings
        • Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz, Christ Consoled by Angels
        • The Virgin of the Macana and the Pueblo Revolution of 1680
        • Miguel de Herrera, Portrait of a Lady
        • Crowned nun portraits
          • Crowned nun portraits, an introduction
          • Crowned Nun Portrait of Sor María de Guadalupe
        • Escudos de monjas, or nuns’ badges, in New Spain
        • Mission San Antonio de Valero & the Alamo
        • Nativity group, from Guatemala
        • Jerónimo de Balbás, Altar of the Kings (Altar de los Reyes)
        • Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastian, Taxco, Mexico
    • British colonies and the Early Republic
      • Browse this content
      • Colonial period
        • Inventing “America,” The Engravings of Theodore de Bry
        • Portraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby)
        • Puritan court cupboard
        • African Burial Ground, New York
        • John Smibert, The Bermuda Group
        • Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735
        • Silver sugar bowl
        • Benjamin West
          • The Death of General Wolfe
          • Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
        • John Singleton Copley
          • A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)
          • Ostentatious plainness: Copley’s portrait of the Mifflins
          • Paul Revere
          • The Copley Family
          • Watson and the Shark
      • Early Republic
        • John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence
        • Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington
        • Gilbert Stuart
          • The Skater
          • Lansdowne Portrait
        • Thomas Jefferson
          • Monticello
          • Rotunda, University of Virginia
        • Charles Willson Peale
          • Yarrow Mamout
          • Staircase Group (Portrait of Raphaelle Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale)
          • The Artist in His Museum
        • John Vanderlyn, Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos
        • Thomas Birch
          • Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie
          • Fairmount Water Works
    • Caribbean to c. 1800
      • José Campeche y Jordán
        • The portraitist of 18th-century Puerto Rico
        • Portrait of Governor Ramón de Castro
        • Exvoto de la Sagrada Familia
      • Agostino Brunias, Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape
    • United States in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • Beginner’s guide—American art in context
        • The Mexican-American War: 19th-century American art in context
        • John Brown’s “tragic prelude” to the U.S. Civil War
        • The Missouri Compromise and the dangerous precedent of appeasement
        • The U.S. Civil War
          • Causes of the War
            • “The Immediate Cause of the Civil War,” an introduction
            • The problem of picturing slavery
            • Images in a divided world
            • Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery
          • Experiences of the War
            • Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The work of war
            • Homes and families
            • Refugees, prisoners, and displacement
          • Commemoration of the War
            • Memory and commemoration of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The Lost Cause and Confederate memory
            • Abraham Lincoln and northern memory
        • Nast & Reconstruction, understanding a political cartoon
        • Nativism, immigration, and the Know-Nothing party
        • The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair
          • The World’s Columbian Exposition: Introduction
          • The White City and fairgrounds
          • The Midway
      • Romanticism
        • Browse this content
        • Washington Allston, Elijah in the Desert
        • Thomas Cole
          • Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
          • The Oxbow
          • Thomas Cole, The Architect’s Dream
          • The Hunter’s Return
        • Hicks’s The Peaceable Kingdom as Pennsylvania parable
        • George Catlin, The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas
        • Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze
          • Washington Crossing the Delaware
          • Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
        • Rothermel, De Soto Raising the Cross on the Banks of the Mississippi
        • Jasper Francis Cropsey, Mount Jefferson, Pinkham Notch, White Mountains
        • Frederic Edwin Church
          • Niagara and Heart of the Andes
          • Cotopaxi
          • The Iceberg
        • Fitz Henry Lane, Owl’s Head, Penobscot Bay, Maine
        • Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Valley, California
        • Thomas Moran, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
        • A dream of Italy: Black artists and travel in the nineteenth century
      • Art and Jewish culture
        • An introduction to Jewish art in the United States Before 1900
        • Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Religious Liberty
        • Henry Mosler, Le Retour
        • Julius Bien, Max Rosenthal, and chromolithography
        • Solomon Nunes Carvalho, View of a Cheyenne Village
      • The Radical Floriography of Sarah Mapps Douglass
      • Realism
        • Browse this content
        • Francis Guy, Winter Scene in Brooklyn
        • John Wesley Jarvis, Black Hawk and His Son Whirling Thunder
        • William Sidney Mount, Bargaining for a Horse
        • John James Audubon, The Wild Turkey
        • Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico
        • Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits
        • George Caleb Bingham, Country Politician
        • Frederic Church, The Natural Bridge, Virginia
        • Blythe, Justice
        • Thomas Hovenden, The Last Moments of John Brown
        • Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty — The Fugitive Slaves
        • Lilly Martin Spencer, The Home of the Red, White, and Blue
        • Samuel Colman, Jr., Ships Unloading, New York
        • Thomas Eakins
          • The Champion Single Sculls (Max Schmitt in a Single Scull)
          • The Gross Clinic
        • Winslow Homer
          • The U.S. Civil War, sharpshooters and Winslow Homer
          • Army Teamsters
          • Taking Sunflower to Teacher
          • The Life Line
          • The Fog Warning (or Halibut Fishing)
          • Northeaster
        • Grafton Tyler Brown, View of the Lower Falls, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
      • Western art
        • Frederic Remington, The Fall of the Cowboy
      • Aestheticism and the Gilded Age
        • Browse this content
        • James Abbott McNeill Whistler
          • Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
          • Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket
        • John Singer Sargent
          • El Jaleo
          • The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
          • Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau)
          • Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose
          • Kehinde Wiley on John Singer Sargent
        • Childe Hassam
          • Childe Hassam, Horticulture Building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
      • Photography
        • Browse this content
        • John Choate, Boarding School Portraits of Tom Torlino
        • Carleton Watkins
          • Eagle Creek, Columbia River
          • Peaks and perils: The life of Carleton Watkins
        • Timothy O’Sullivan
          • A Harvest of Death
          • Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle
        • Jacob Riis, “Knee-Pants” at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen—A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop, from How the Other Half Lives
      • Sculpture and architecture
        • Browse this content
        • The Alamo (& Mission San Antonio de Valero)
        • Inventing America, Colt’s Experimental Pocket Pistol
        • Cultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield county
        • David Drake, Double-handled jug
        • Little Round House
        • John Quincy Adams Ward, The Freedman
        • Edmonia Lewis
          • The Old Arrow Maker
          • Forever Free
        • Anna Pottery, Snake jug
        • Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave
        • William Wetmore Story, Cleopatra
        • Thomas Crawford, George Washington Equestrian Monument
        • Slave Burial Ground, University of Alabama
        • Seneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New York
        • Olmsted and Vaux, Central Park
        • Herter Brothers, Mark Hopkins House Side Chair
        • Robert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington Monument
        • The light of democracy — examining the Statue of Liberty
        • Monument Avenue and the Lost Cause
        • Defeated, heroized, dismantled: Richmond’s Robert E. Lee Monument
        • Shrady and Casey, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
        • Burnham and Root
          • The Monadnock Building
          • Reliance Building
        • Louis Sullivan
          • Bayard-Condict Building
          • Carson, Pirie, Scott Building
        • Carrère & Hastings, The New York Public Library
    • Canada in the 19th century
      • “A Cheap Farm House,” c. 1864–onward
      • William Notman, Ice Shove, Commissioner Street, Montreal
      • Frances Jones (Bannerman), In the Conservatory
  • South America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Beginner’s guide
      • Introduction to Andean Cultures
      • Introduction to Ancient Andean Art
      • Ancient Andean art in context: An origin story (“The Legend of Ñaymlap”)
    • Peru and Bolivia
      • Caral
      • Cupisnique
        • Feline-Head Bottle
      • Chavín culture
        • Chavín de Huántar
        • Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavín de Huántar and beyond
      • Salinar culture
        • Nose ornament with spiders
      • Nasca
        • Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs
        • Nasca ceramics, an introduction
        • Nasca Geoglyphs
        • The Paracas Textile
      • Paracas
        • Browse this content
        • Paracas, an introduction
        • Paracas Textiles, an introduction
        • Paracas Supernatural Bird Mantle
        • Paracas Feline Face Bottle
        • Paracas Flying Figure Bowl
      • Moche culture
        • Browse this content
        • Moche culture, an introduction
        • The Moche Royal Tombs of Sipán
        • Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers
        • Moche Portrait Head Bottle
        • Funerary bundle of the Señora de Cao
        • Moche Octopus Headdress
      • Wari
        • Four-cornered hat
        • Feather panels
        • A Wari tunic
      • Tiwanaku
        • Tiwanaku, an introduction
        • Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku
      • Chancay culture
        • Chancay Standing Female Figure
      • Chimú culture
        • Introduction to the Chimú culture
        • Chan Chan
      • Sicán culture
        • Inverse-Face Beaker
      • Inka
        • Browse this content
        • Introduction to the Inka
        • Inka stone vessels
        • The Inka khipu
        • City of Cusco
        • An Inka paccha
        • Maize cobs
        • Machu Picchu
        • All-T’oqapu Tunic
        • Inka checkerboard tunics
        • Keru Vessel
        • What is an Inka ushnu?
        • Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes
    • Ecuador
      • Chorrera culture
        • Chorrera ceramics
      • Jama-Coaque culture
        • Jama-Coaque ceramics
    • Ancient Colombia chiefdoms
      • Ancient Colombian goldmaking
      • Muisca Raft
  • South America c. 1500–1820
    • Browse this content
    • Viceroyalty of Peru
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Introduction to the Viceroyalty of Peru
        • Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru
      • 16th century
        • Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru
        • Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia
        • Textiles in the Colonial Andes
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Guaman Poma and the First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • Guaman Poma and The First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • “Bad Confession” in Guaman Poma’s The First New Chronicle and Good Government
        • The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
          • The Church of San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas
          • Luis de Riaño and Indigenous collaborators, The Paths to Heaven and Hell, Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
        • Bernardo Bitti, Coronation of the Virgin
        • Alonso de Ovalle, Tabula geographica regni Chile
        • Diego Quispe Tito, Last Judgment, 1675
        • Parish of San Sebastián, Procession of Corpus Christi series
        • Master of Calamarca, Angel with Arquebus
        • Melchor Pérez de Holguín, Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí
        • Cusco School painting
          • Our Lady of Cocharcas and the Cuzco School of Painting
          • The Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity
          • The Child Mary Spinning
          • Cusco School Artist, Saint Joseph and the Christ Child
          • Conserving Cuzco School Paintings
        • Fourteen portraits of the Inka Kings
        • Official Portrait of Bishop Luis Francisco Romero
        • Portraits of Francisca Ramírez de Laredo and Antonio de Ulloa
        • Churches of Chiloé
    • Viceroyalty of New Granada
      • Browse this content
      • Virgin of Chiquinquirá
      • Juan Pedro López, Our Lady of Guidance
      • Crown of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception
      • Diego Antonio de Landaeta, Portrait of Petronila Méndez
      • Vicente Albán, Quito series
    • Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
      • Jesuit Missions of the Río de la Plata
    • Colonial Brazil
      • Browse this content
      • Introduction to colonial Brazil
      • Albert Eckhout, Series of eight figures
      • Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto
      • Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks, Ouro Preto
      • Mestre Valentim, Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro
      • Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872
      • Carlos Julião
        • Watercolor manuscript
        • “Black Kings and Queens”
      • Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis
      • Manoel da Costa Ataíde, ceiling painting of the Church of Saint Anthony, Santa Bárbara
    • Amazonian
      • Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
      • Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
  • Latin America c. 1800–1900
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Independence from Spanish rule in South America
      • Early Scientific Exploration in Latin America
      • Costumbrismo
      • Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
      • Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
      • The challenge of the nude in 19th-century Latin American painting
    • Mexico in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • The Academy of San Carlos
      • Mexican Independence
      • Manuel Vilar, Tlahuicole
      • Félix Parra, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
      • José María Velasco
        • The Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range
        • The Candelabrum
      • José Agustín Arrieta, La Sorpreza
      • Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, La despedida del joven indio
      • Cristo de Sacromonte ex-voto
      • Retablo of La Mano Poderosa/The All Powerful Hand
    • Caribbean in the 19th century
      • Francisco Oller
        • The Wake
        • Hacienda La Fortuna
      • Richard Evans, Portraits of the Caribbean’s first Black king and prince
      • Isaac Mendes Belisario, Sketches of Character
    • Colombia in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • Carmelo Fernández, The Strait of Furatena in the Minero River
    • Photography
      • Marc Ferrez, Slaves at a Coffee Yard in a Farm, Vale do Paraiba, Sao Paulo

The Americas to 1900

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • Defining “Pre-Columbian” and “Mesoamerica”
    • Introduction to the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas
    • African religious culture in the Atlantic world
    • Latin American art: an introduction
    • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
    • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
    • Teresita Fernández on Precolumbian gold
  • North America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Native American / First Nations
      • Browse this content
      • Clovis culture
        • Clovis Culture, an introduction
      • Bannerstones, an introduction
      • Moundbuilders
        • Fort Ancient Culture: Great Serpent Mound
        • Mississippian shell neck ornament (gorget)
      • Ancestral Puebloan
        • Mesa Verde
        • Chaco Canyon
        • Socorro black-on-white storage jar
      • Mogollon
        • Introduction to Mogollon
        • Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Mogollon culture
    • Mesoamerica
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide to Mesoamerica
        • Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Periods in Mesoamerican history
        • The Mesoamerican Calendar
        • Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine
        • Late pre-classic Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Mesoamerican art in context: an excerpt from an origin story (Popol Vuh)
        • Glossary for pre-Columbian art
      • Tlatilco
        • Tlatilco Figurines
      • Olmec
        • Browse this content
        • Kunz Axe (Olmec)
        • Offering #4, La Venta
        • The Lord of Las Limas
        • Olmec Jade
        • Olmec mask (offering 20 from the Templo Mayor)
        • Olmec mask at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
        • Olmec figurine
      • West Mexico
        • Pottery dog, Colima culture
        • Rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
      • Zapotec
        • Ancestor figure
      • Teotihuacan
        • Teotihuacan
        • Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Sun
      • Classic Veracruz culture
        • The Mesoamerican ballgame and a Classic Veracruz yoke
        • El Tajín
      • Maya
        • Browse this content
        • The Maya, an introduction
        • Maya glyphs, a basic introduction
        • Plaque of a Maya king from Teotihuacan
        • Mirror-Bearer
        • Vessel with a mythological scene
        • Politics and History on a Maya Vase
        • Maya: The Fenton Vase
        • Chakalte’, Relief with Enthroned Ruler
        • Classic Maya portrait stelae
        • Palenque (Classic Period)
        • Maya: The Yaxchilán Lintels
        • Yaxchilán—Lintels 24 and 25 from Structure 23 and structures 33 and 40
        • Códice Maya de México
          Getty Conversations
        • Tikal
        • Tikal Stela 16
        • Copán
        • Quiriguá
      • Xochicalco
      • Cholula
        • Pottery vessel, Mixteca-Puebla style
      • Huastec
        • Huastec: Life-Death Figure
      • Paquimé (Casas Grandes)
        • Paquimé, Casas Grandes
        • Paquimé jars
      • Mixtec
        • Codex Zouche-Nuttall
        • Gold pendant depicting a ruler
      • Aztec
        • Browse this content
        • Beginner’s guide to the Mexica
          • Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • More on the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • Serpents in Mexica culture
        • The Templo Mayor and the Coyolxauhqui Stone
        • Coatlicue
        • Tlaloc vessel
        • The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone) (Aztec)
        • Coyolxauhqui Monolith
        • Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord)
        • Pottery model temples
        • Wooden slit-drum (teponaztli)
        • Codex Borgia
        • Turquoise mosaics
          • Turquoise mosaics, an introduction
          • Double-headed serpent
          • Serpent mask of Quetzalcoatl or Tlaloc
          • Mosaic mask of Tezcatlipoca
        • The House of the Eagles, and sculptures of Mictlantecuhtli and Eagle Warrior
        • Eagle Warrior
        • Stone kneeling figure of Chalchiuhtlicue
        • Seated figure of Xochipilli
        • Seated figure of Xiuhtecuhtli
        • Xiuhcoatl (fire serpent)
        • Brazier of Chicomecoatl
        • Aztec feathered headdress
        • Aztec art and feasts for the dead
        • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Painting Aztec History
    • Isthmian cultures (Central America)
      • Browse this content
      • Doe Shaman Effigy
      • Mirror Pendant in the Form of a Bat-Human From Grave 5, Sitio Conte
      • Central American art in context: an origin story of the Bribri people
    • Caribbean
      • Introduction to Taíno art
      • Taíno Zemis and Duhos
      • Taíno duho
  • North America c. 1500–1900
    • Browse this content
    • Native North American art
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
        • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
      • East
        • Browse this content
        • Global trade and an 18th-century Anishinaabe outfit
        • Anishinaabe shoulder bag
        • The bandolier bag (Lenni Lenape)
        • Bandolier Bag, an introduction
        • Codex Canadensis
      • West
        • Browse this content
        • 19th century
          • War Shirt (Upper Missouri River)
          • Juana Basilia Sitmelelene, Presentation Basket (Chumash)
          • Bear Claw Necklace (Pawnee)
          • Eastern Shoshone: Hide Painting of the Sun Dance, attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody)
          • Feathered war bonnet
          • Headdress (Cheyenne or Lakota)
          • Paukeigope (Kiowa), Cradleboard
          • Mató Nájin/Standing Bear (Minneconjou Lakota/Teton Sioux), Battle of Little Bighorn
          • Nellie Two Bear Gates (Iháƞktȟuƞwaƞna Dakhóta, Standing Rock Reservation), Suitcase
        • 20th century
          • Henry Oscar One Bull (Hunkpapa Lakota), Custer’s War
          • Carrie Bethel (Mono Lake Paiute), Basket bowl
          • Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
      • Southwest
        • Browse this content
        • Pueblo architecture and its relationship to place
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Acoma polychrome water jar
        • Hopi: White Ogre Tihu (Katsina Figure)
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), Polacca polychrome water jar
        • Maria Martinez (Puebloan), Black-on-black ceramic vessel
        • Julian Martinez (Puebloan), Buffalo Dancers
        • Awa Tsireh (Puebloan), Pottery Makers
        • The pueblo modernism of Ma Pe Wi (Puebloan)
      • Northwest coast & Arctic
        • Browse this content
        • Tsimshian shaman’s rattle
        • Ceremonial belt (Kwakwaka’wakw)
        • Transformation masks, an introduction
        • North Wind Mask (Yu’pik)
        • Arctic clothing
        • Haida totem pole, from Old Kasaan
        • Haida potlatch pole
        • Bentwood Boxes of the Northwest Coast peoples
        • Tlingit mortuary and memorial totem poles
        • Tlingit Proud Raven totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • Tlingit Oyster Man totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • The Chief Johnson Totem Pole
        • Dorica Jackson, Diving Whale Chilkat Robe
        • Clarissa Rizal (Tlingit), Resilience Robe
        • Northwest Coast Basketry—Woven Traditions
    • New Spain
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • New Spain, an introduction
        • Prints and Printmakers in Colonial New Spain
        • The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red
        • The Medici collect the Americas
        • Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Corn pith sculptures
        • Defensive saints and angels in the Spanish Americas
        • Elite secular art in New Spain
      • 16th century
        • Hispaniola’s early colonial art, an introduction 
        • The Codex Huexotzinco
        • La Casa del Deán in Puebla
        • Classical Architecture in Viceregal Mexico
        • Puebla de los Ángeles and the classical architectural tradition
        • Hearst Chalice
        • Missions and their art
          • Mission churches as theaters of conversion in New Spain
          • St. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo
          • The Convento of San Nicolás de Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo
          • A new Jerusalem in the Americas—the convento of Acolman
          • Murals from New Spain, San Agustín de Acolman
          • Atrial Cross at Acolman
        • Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
        • Images of Africans in the Codex Telleriano Remensis and Codex Azcatitlan
        • The Florentine Codex
          • Bernardino de Sahagún and Indigenous collaborators, Florentine Codex
          • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Featherworks
          • Featherworks: The Mass of St. Gregory
          • A Renaissance miniature in wood and feathers
          • A shimmering saint, St. John in featherwork
        • Map of Cholula, from the relaciones geográficas
        • “Burning of the Idols,” in Diego Muñoz Camargo’s Description of the City and Province of Tlaxcala
        • Engravings in Diego de Valadés’s Rhetorica Christiana
        • Saintly violence? Santiago on Horseback
        • The manuscripts of Luis de Carvajal
        • Andrés de Concha, St. Cecilia
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Testerian Catechism, The Egerton Codex
        • Baltasar de Echave Ibía, The Hermits
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Sebastián López de Arteaga, Marriage of the Virgin
        • Miguel González, The Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Christ Crucified, a Hispano-Philippine ivory
        • Cristóbal de Villalpando, View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico City
        • Talavera poblana
        • Biombos (folding screens)
          • Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene (or Brooklyn Biombo)
          • Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City
        • Miguel Cabrera
          • Virgin of the Apocalypse
          • Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
        • Casta paintings
          • Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo, attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez
          • Francisco Clapera, set of sixteen casta paintings
        • Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz, Christ Consoled by Angels
        • The Virgin of the Macana and the Pueblo Revolution of 1680
        • Miguel de Herrera, Portrait of a Lady
        • Crowned nun portraits
          • Crowned nun portraits, an introduction
          • Crowned Nun Portrait of Sor María de Guadalupe
        • Escudos de monjas, or nuns’ badges, in New Spain
        • Mission San Antonio de Valero & the Alamo
        • Nativity group, from Guatemala
        • Jerónimo de Balbás, Altar of the Kings (Altar de los Reyes)
        • Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastian, Taxco, Mexico
    • British colonies and the Early Republic
      • Browse this content
      • Colonial period
        • Inventing “America,” The Engravings of Theodore de Bry
        • Portraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby)
        • Puritan court cupboard
        • African Burial Ground, New York
        • John Smibert, The Bermuda Group
        • Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735
        • Silver sugar bowl
        • Benjamin West
          • The Death of General Wolfe
          • Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
        • John Singleton Copley
          • A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)
          • Ostentatious plainness: Copley’s portrait of the Mifflins
          • Paul Revere
          • The Copley Family
          • Watson and the Shark
      • Early Republic
        • John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence
        • Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington
        • Gilbert Stuart
          • The Skater
          • Lansdowne Portrait
        • Thomas Jefferson
          • Monticello
          • Rotunda, University of Virginia
        • Charles Willson Peale
          • Yarrow Mamout
          • Staircase Group (Portrait of Raphaelle Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale)
          • The Artist in His Museum
        • John Vanderlyn, Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos
        • Thomas Birch
          • Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie
          • Fairmount Water Works
    • Caribbean to c. 1800
      • José Campeche y Jordán
        • The portraitist of 18th-century Puerto Rico
        • Portrait of Governor Ramón de Castro
        • Exvoto de la Sagrada Familia
      • Agostino Brunias, Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape
    • United States in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • Beginner’s guide—American art in context
        • The Mexican-American War: 19th-century American art in context
        • John Brown’s “tragic prelude” to the U.S. Civil War
        • The Missouri Compromise and the dangerous precedent of appeasement
        • The U.S. Civil War
          • Causes of the War
            • “The Immediate Cause of the Civil War,” an introduction
            • The problem of picturing slavery
            • Images in a divided world
            • Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery
          • Experiences of the War
            • Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The work of war
            • Homes and families
            • Refugees, prisoners, and displacement
          • Commemoration of the War
            • Memory and commemoration of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The Lost Cause and Confederate memory
            • Abraham Lincoln and northern memory
        • Nast & Reconstruction, understanding a political cartoon
        • Nativism, immigration, and the Know-Nothing party
        • The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair
          • The World’s Columbian Exposition: Introduction
          • The White City and fairgrounds
          • The Midway
      • Romanticism
        • Browse this content
        • Washington Allston, Elijah in the Desert
        • Thomas Cole
          • Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
          • The Oxbow
          • Thomas Cole, The Architect’s Dream
          • The Hunter’s Return
        • Hicks’s The Peaceable Kingdom as Pennsylvania parable
        • George Catlin, The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas
        • Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze
          • Washington Crossing the Delaware
          • Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
        • Rothermel, De Soto Raising the Cross on the Banks of the Mississippi
        • Jasper Francis Cropsey, Mount Jefferson, Pinkham Notch, White Mountains
        • Frederic Edwin Church
          • Niagara and Heart of the Andes
          • Cotopaxi
          • The Iceberg
        • Fitz Henry Lane, Owl’s Head, Penobscot Bay, Maine
        • Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Valley, California
        • Thomas Moran, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
        • A dream of Italy: Black artists and travel in the nineteenth century
      • Art and Jewish culture
        • An introduction to Jewish art in the United States Before 1900
        • Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Religious Liberty
        • Henry Mosler, Le Retour
        • Julius Bien, Max Rosenthal, and chromolithography
        • Solomon Nunes Carvalho, View of a Cheyenne Village
      • The Radical Floriography of Sarah Mapps Douglass
      • Realism
        • Browse this content
        • Francis Guy, Winter Scene in Brooklyn
        • John Wesley Jarvis, Black Hawk and His Son Whirling Thunder
        • William Sidney Mount, Bargaining for a Horse
        • John James Audubon, The Wild Turkey
        • Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico
        • Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits
        • George Caleb Bingham, Country Politician
        • Frederic Church, The Natural Bridge, Virginia
        • Blythe, Justice
        • Thomas Hovenden, The Last Moments of John Brown
        • Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty — The Fugitive Slaves
        • Lilly Martin Spencer, The Home of the Red, White, and Blue
        • Samuel Colman, Jr., Ships Unloading, New York
        • Thomas Eakins
          • The Champion Single Sculls (Max Schmitt in a Single Scull)
          • The Gross Clinic
        • Winslow Homer
          • The U.S. Civil War, sharpshooters and Winslow Homer
          • Army Teamsters
          • Taking Sunflower to Teacher
          • The Life Line
          • The Fog Warning (or Halibut Fishing)
          • Northeaster
        • Grafton Tyler Brown, View of the Lower Falls, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
      • Western art
        • Frederic Remington, The Fall of the Cowboy
      • Aestheticism and the Gilded Age
        • Browse this content
        • James Abbott McNeill Whistler
          • Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
          • Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket
        • John Singer Sargent
          • El Jaleo
          • The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
          • Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau)
          • Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose
          • Kehinde Wiley on John Singer Sargent
        • Childe Hassam
          • Childe Hassam, Horticulture Building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
      • Photography
        • Browse this content
        • John Choate, Boarding School Portraits of Tom Torlino
        • Carleton Watkins
          • Eagle Creek, Columbia River
          • Peaks and perils: The life of Carleton Watkins
        • Timothy O’Sullivan
          • A Harvest of Death
          • Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle
        • Jacob Riis, “Knee-Pants” at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen—A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop, from How the Other Half Lives
      • Sculpture and architecture
        • Browse this content
        • The Alamo (& Mission San Antonio de Valero)
        • Inventing America, Colt’s Experimental Pocket Pistol
        • Cultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield county
        • David Drake, Double-handled jug
        • Little Round House
        • John Quincy Adams Ward, The Freedman
        • Edmonia Lewis
          • The Old Arrow Maker
          • Forever Free
        • Anna Pottery, Snake jug
        • Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave
        • William Wetmore Story, Cleopatra
        • Thomas Crawford, George Washington Equestrian Monument
        • Slave Burial Ground, University of Alabama
        • Seneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New York
        • Olmsted and Vaux, Central Park
        • Herter Brothers, Mark Hopkins House Side Chair
        • Robert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington Monument
        • The light of democracy — examining the Statue of Liberty
        • Monument Avenue and the Lost Cause
        • Defeated, heroized, dismantled: Richmond’s Robert E. Lee Monument
        • Shrady and Casey, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
        • Burnham and Root
          • The Monadnock Building
          • Reliance Building
        • Louis Sullivan
          • Bayard-Condict Building
          • Carson, Pirie, Scott Building
        • Carrère & Hastings, The New York Public Library
    • Canada in the 19th century
      • “A Cheap Farm House,” c. 1864–onward
      • William Notman, Ice Shove, Commissioner Street, Montreal
      • Frances Jones (Bannerman), In the Conservatory
  • South America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Beginner’s guide
      • Introduction to Andean Cultures
      • Introduction to Ancient Andean Art
      • Ancient Andean art in context: An origin story (“The Legend of Ñaymlap”)
    • Peru and Bolivia
      • Caral
      • Cupisnique
        • Feline-Head Bottle
      • Chavín culture
        • Chavín de Huántar
        • Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavín de Huántar and beyond
      • Salinar culture
        • Nose ornament with spiders
      • Nasca
        • Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs
        • Nasca ceramics, an introduction
        • Nasca Geoglyphs
        • The Paracas Textile
      • Paracas
        • Browse this content
        • Paracas, an introduction
        • Paracas Textiles, an introduction
        • Paracas Supernatural Bird Mantle
        • Paracas Feline Face Bottle
        • Paracas Flying Figure Bowl
      • Moche culture
        • Browse this content
        • Moche culture, an introduction
        • The Moche Royal Tombs of Sipán
        • Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers
        • Moche Portrait Head Bottle
        • Funerary bundle of the Señora de Cao
        • Moche Octopus Headdress
      • Wari
        • Four-cornered hat
        • Feather panels
        • A Wari tunic
      • Tiwanaku
        • Tiwanaku, an introduction
        • Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku
      • Chancay culture
        • Chancay Standing Female Figure
      • Chimú culture
        • Introduction to the Chimú culture
        • Chan Chan
      • Sicán culture
        • Inverse-Face Beaker
      • Inka
        • Browse this content
        • Introduction to the Inka
        • Inka stone vessels
        • The Inka khipu
        • City of Cusco
        • An Inka paccha
        • Maize cobs
        • Machu Picchu
        • All-T’oqapu Tunic
        • Inka checkerboard tunics
        • Keru Vessel
        • What is an Inka ushnu?
        • Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes
    • Ecuador
      • Chorrera culture
        • Chorrera ceramics
      • Jama-Coaque culture
        • Jama-Coaque ceramics
    • Ancient Colombia chiefdoms
      • Ancient Colombian goldmaking
      • Muisca Raft
  • South America c. 1500–1820
    • Browse this content
    • Viceroyalty of Peru
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Introduction to the Viceroyalty of Peru
        • Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru
      • 16th century
        • Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru
        • Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia
        • Textiles in the Colonial Andes
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Guaman Poma and the First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • Guaman Poma and The First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • “Bad Confession” in Guaman Poma’s The First New Chronicle and Good Government
        • The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
          • The Church of San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas
          • Luis de Riaño and Indigenous collaborators, The Paths to Heaven and Hell, Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
        • Bernardo Bitti, Coronation of the Virgin
        • Alonso de Ovalle, Tabula geographica regni Chile
        • Diego Quispe Tito, Last Judgment, 1675
        • Parish of San Sebastián, Procession of Corpus Christi series
        • Master of Calamarca, Angel with Arquebus
        • Melchor Pérez de Holguín, Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí
        • Cusco School painting
          • Our Lady of Cocharcas and the Cuzco School of Painting
          • The Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity
          • The Child Mary Spinning
          • Cusco School Artist, Saint Joseph and the Christ Child
          • Conserving Cuzco School Paintings
        • Fourteen portraits of the Inka Kings
        • Official Portrait of Bishop Luis Francisco Romero
        • Portraits of Francisca Ramírez de Laredo and Antonio de Ulloa
        • Churches of Chiloé
    • Viceroyalty of New Granada
      • Browse this content
      • Virgin of Chiquinquirá
      • Juan Pedro López, Our Lady of Guidance
      • Crown of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception
      • Diego Antonio de Landaeta, Portrait of Petronila Méndez
      • Vicente Albán, Quito series
    • Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
      • Jesuit Missions of the Río de la Plata
    • Colonial Brazil
      • Browse this content
      • Introduction to colonial Brazil
      • Albert Eckhout, Series of eight figures
      • Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto
      • Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks, Ouro Preto
      • Mestre Valentim, Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro
      • Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872
      • Carlos Julião
        • Watercolor manuscript
        • “Black Kings and Queens”
      • Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis
      • Manoel da Costa Ataíde, ceiling painting of the Church of Saint Anthony, Santa Bárbara
    • Amazonian
      • Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
      • Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
  • Latin America c. 1800–1900
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Independence from Spanish rule in South America
      • Early Scientific Exploration in Latin America
      • Costumbrismo
      • Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
      • Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
      • The challenge of the nude in 19th-century Latin American painting
    • Mexico in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • The Academy of San Carlos
      • Mexican Independence
      • Manuel Vilar, Tlahuicole
      • Félix Parra, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
      • José María Velasco
        • The Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range
        • The Candelabrum
      • José Agustín Arrieta, La Sorpreza
      • Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, La despedida del joven indio
      • Cristo de Sacromonte ex-voto
      • Retablo of La Mano Poderosa/The All Powerful Hand
    • Caribbean in the 19th century
      • Francisco Oller
        • The Wake
        • Hacienda La Fortuna
      • Richard Evans, Portraits of the Caribbean’s first Black king and prince
      • Isaac Mendes Belisario, Sketches of Character
    • Colombia in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • Carmelo Fernández, The Strait of Furatena in the Minero River
    • Photography
      • Marc Ferrez, Slaves at a Coffee Yard in a Farm, Vale do Paraiba, Sao Paulo

Codex Canadensis

by Jenny Keller and Dr. Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank

Codex Canadensis, c. 1700, ink on paper, 33.7 x 21.6 cm (Gilcrease Museum)

Additional resources

This work at the Gilcrease Museum

Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
Codex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex CanadensisCodex Canadensis

More Smarthistory images…

Cite this page as: Jenny Keller and Dr. Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank, "Codex Canadensis," in Smarthistory, July 25, 2022, accessed September 29, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/codex-canadensis/.
Flickr Icon

Browse Smarthistory images for teaching & learning!

Sign up for our newsletter!

Receive occasional emails about new Smarthistory content.

Upcoming webinar

minimize arrow icon close icon

BIPOC Reader: Teaching Practices and Strategies

October 18, 1:00–1:30 pm ET

"Not your grandfather’s art history: a BIPOC Reader" is a free, digital art history resource that provides more than 20 essays that seek to re-route the traditional narratives of art history with Europe and whiteness at its center. Join Dr. Maya Harakawa for this teaching webinar.

Register
Check out the BIPOC Reader Close

Smarthistory is a nonprofit organization

At Smarthistory we believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. Smarthistory’s free, award-winning digital content unlocks the expertise of hundreds of leading scholars, making the history of art accessible and engaging to more people, in more places, than any other publisher.

  • Donate
  • Contact Us
facebook icon
twitter icon
instagram icon
youtube icon
flickr icon
  • About Smarthistory
  • Smarthistory’s blog
  • Contribute an essay
  • Content editors and contributors

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License