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The Americas to 1900

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • Defining “Pre-Columbian” and “Mesoamerica”
    • Introduction to the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas
    • African religious culture in the Atlantic world
    • Latin American art: an introduction
    • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
    • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
    • Teresita Fernández on Precolumbian gold
  • North America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Native American / First Nations
      • Browse this content
      • Clovis culture
        • Clovis Culture, an introduction
      • Bannerstones, an introduction
      • Moundbuilders
        • Fort Ancient Culture: Great Serpent Mound
        • Mississippian shell neck ornament (gorget)
      • Ancestral Puebloan
        • Mesa Verde
        • Chaco Canyon
        • Socorro black-on-white storage jar
      • Mogollon
        • Introduction to Mogollon
        • Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Mogollon culture
    • Mesoamerica
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      • A beginner’s guide to Mesoamerica
        • Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Periods in Mesoamerican history
        • The Mesoamerican Calendar
        • Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine
        • Late pre-classic Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Mesoamerican art in context: an excerpt from an origin story (Popol Vuh)
        • Glossary for pre-Columbian art
      • Tlatilco
        • Tlatilco Figurines
      • Olmec
        • Browse this content
        • Kunz Axe (Olmec)
        • Offering #4, La Venta
        • The Lord of Las Limas
        • Olmec Jade
        • Olmec mask (offering 20 from the Templo Mayor)
        • Olmec mask at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
        • Olmec figurine
      • West Mexico
        • Pottery dog, Colima culture
        • Rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
      • Zapotec
        • Ancestor figure
      • Teotihuacan
        • Teotihuacan
        • Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Sun
      • Classic Veracruz culture
        • The Mesoamerican ballgame and a Classic Veracruz yoke
        • El Tajín
      • Maya
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        • The Maya, an introduction
        • Maya glyphs, a basic introduction
        • Plaque of a Maya king from Teotihuacan
        • Mirror-Bearer
        • Vessel with a mythological scene
        • Politics and History on a Maya Vase
        • Maya: The Fenton Vase
        • Chakalte’, Relief with Enthroned Ruler
        • Classic Maya portrait stelae
        • Palenque (Classic Period)
        • Maya: The Yaxchilán Lintels
        • Yaxchilán—Lintels 24 and 25 from Structure 23 and structures 33 and 40
        • Códice Maya de México
          Getty Conversations
        • Tikal
        • Tikal Stela 16
        • Copán
        • Quiriguá
      • Xochicalco
      • Cholula
        • Pottery vessel, Mixteca-Puebla style
      • Huastec
        • Huastec: Life-Death Figure
      • Paquimé (Casas Grandes)
        • Paquimé, Casas Grandes
        • Paquimé jars
      • Mixtec
        • Codex Zouche-Nuttall
        • Gold pendant depicting a ruler
      • Aztec
        • Browse this content
        • Beginner’s guide to the Mexica
          • Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • More on the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • Serpents in Mexica culture
        • The Templo Mayor and the Coyolxauhqui Stone
        • Coatlicue
        • Tlaloc vessel
        • The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone) (Aztec)
        • Coyolxauhqui Monolith
        • Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord)
        • Pottery model temples
        • Wooden slit-drum (teponaztli)
        • Codex Borgia
        • Turquoise mosaics
          • Turquoise mosaics, an introduction
          • Double-headed serpent
          • Serpent mask of Quetzalcoatl or Tlaloc
          • Mosaic mask of Tezcatlipoca
        • The House of the Eagles, and sculptures of Mictlantecuhtli and Eagle Warrior
        • Eagle Warrior
        • Stone kneeling figure of Chalchiuhtlicue
        • Seated figure of Xochipilli
        • Seated figure of Xiuhtecuhtli
        • Xiuhcoatl (fire serpent)
        • Brazier of Chicomecoatl
        • Aztec feathered headdress
        • Aztec art and feasts for the dead
        • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Painting Aztec History
    • Isthmian cultures (Central America)
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      • Doe Shaman Effigy
      • Mirror Pendant in the Form of a Bat-Human From Grave 5, Sitio Conte
      • Central American art in context: an origin story of the Bribri people
    • Caribbean
      • Introduction to Taíno art
      • Taíno Zemis and Duhos
      • Taíno duho
  • North America c. 1500–1900
    • Browse this content
    • Native North American art
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      • A beginner’s guide
        • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
        • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
      • East
        • Browse this content
        • Global trade and an 18th-century Anishinaabe outfit
        • Anishinaabe shoulder bag
        • The bandolier bag (Lenni Lenape)
        • Bandolier Bag, an introduction
        • Codex Canadensis
      • West
        • Browse this content
        • 19th century
          • War Shirt (Upper Missouri River)
          • Juana Basilia Sitmelelene, Presentation Basket (Chumash)
          • Bear Claw Necklace (Pawnee)
          • Eastern Shoshone: Hide Painting of the Sun Dance, attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody)
          • Feathered war bonnet
          • Headdress (Cheyenne or Lakota)
          • Paukeigope (Kiowa), Cradleboard
          • Mató Nájin/Standing Bear (Minneconjou Lakota/Teton Sioux), Battle of Little Bighorn
          • Nellie Two Bear Gates (Iháƞktȟuƞwaƞna Dakhóta, Standing Rock Reservation), Suitcase
        • 20th century
          • Henry Oscar One Bull (Hunkpapa Lakota), Custer’s War
          • Carrie Bethel (Mono Lake Paiute), Basket bowl
          • Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
      • Southwest
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        • Pueblo architecture and its relationship to place
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Acoma polychrome water jar
        • Hopi: White Ogre Tihu (Katsina Figure)
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), Polacca polychrome water jar
        • Maria Martinez (Puebloan), Black-on-black ceramic vessel
        • Julian Martinez (Puebloan), Buffalo Dancers
        • Awa Tsireh (Puebloan), Pottery Makers
        • The pueblo modernism of Ma Pe Wi (Puebloan)
      • Northwest coast & Arctic
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        • Tsimshian shaman’s rattle
        • Ceremonial belt (Kwakwaka’wakw)
        • Transformation masks, an introduction
        • North Wind Mask (Yu’pik)
        • Arctic clothing
        • Haida totem pole, from Old Kasaan
        • Haida potlatch pole
        • Bentwood Boxes of the Northwest Coast peoples
        • Tlingit mortuary and memorial totem poles
        • Tlingit Proud Raven totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • Tlingit Oyster Man totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • The Chief Johnson Totem Pole
        • Dorica Jackson, Diving Whale Chilkat Robe
        • Clarissa Rizal (Tlingit), Resilience Robe
        • Northwest Coast Basketry—Woven Traditions
    • New Spain
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • New Spain, an introduction
        • Prints and Printmakers in Colonial New Spain
        • The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red
        • The Medici collect the Americas
        • Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Corn pith sculptures
        • Defensive saints and angels in the Spanish Americas
        • Elite secular art in New Spain
      • 16th century
        • Hispaniola’s early colonial art, an introduction 
        • The Codex Huexotzinco
        • La Casa del Deán in Puebla
        • Classical Architecture in Viceregal Mexico
        • Puebla de los Ángeles and the classical architectural tradition
        • Hearst Chalice
        • Missions and their art
          • Mission churches as theaters of conversion in New Spain
          • St. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo
          • The Convento of San Nicolás de Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo
          • A new Jerusalem in the Americas—the convento of Acolman
          • Murals from New Spain, San Agustín de Acolman
          • Atrial Cross at Acolman
        • Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
        • Images of Africans in the Codex Telleriano Remensis and Codex Azcatitlan
        • The Florentine Codex
          • Bernardino de Sahagún and Indigenous collaborators, Florentine Codex
          • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Featherworks
          • Featherworks: The Mass of St. Gregory
          • A Renaissance miniature in wood and feathers
          • A shimmering saint, St. John in featherwork
        • Map of Cholula, from the relaciones geográficas
        • “Burning of the Idols,” in Diego Muñoz Camargo’s Description of the City and Province of Tlaxcala
        • Engravings in Diego de Valadés’s Rhetorica Christiana
        • Saintly violence? Santiago on Horseback
        • The manuscripts of Luis de Carvajal
        • Andrés de Concha, St. Cecilia
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Testerian Catechism, The Egerton Codex
        • Baltasar de Echave Ibía, The Hermits
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Sebastián López de Arteaga, Marriage of the Virgin
        • Miguel González, The Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Christ Crucified, a Hispano-Philippine ivory
        • Cristóbal de Villalpando, View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico City
        • Talavera poblana
        • Biombos (folding screens)
          • Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene (or Brooklyn Biombo)
          • Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City
        • Miguel Cabrera
          • Virgin of the Apocalypse
          • Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
        • Casta paintings
          • Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo, attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez
          • Francisco Clapera, set of sixteen casta paintings
        • Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz, Christ Consoled by Angels
        • The Virgin of the Macana and the Pueblo Revolution of 1680
        • Miguel de Herrera, Portrait of a Lady
        • Crowned nun portraits
          • Crowned nun portraits, an introduction
          • Crowned Nun Portrait of Sor María de Guadalupe
        • Escudos de monjas, or nuns’ badges, in New Spain
        • Mission San Antonio de Valero & the Alamo
        • Nativity group, from Guatemala
        • Jerónimo de Balbás, Altar of the Kings (Altar de los Reyes)
        • Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastian, Taxco, Mexico
    • British colonies and the Early Republic
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      • Colonial period
        • Inventing “America,” The Engravings of Theodore de Bry
        • Portraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby)
        • Puritan court cupboard
        • African Burial Ground, New York
        • John Smibert, The Bermuda Group
        • Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735
        • Silver sugar bowl
        • Benjamin West
          • The Death of General Wolfe
          • Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
        • John Singleton Copley
          • A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)
          • Ostentatious plainness: Copley’s portrait of the Mifflins
          • Paul Revere
          • The Copley Family
          • Watson and the Shark
      • Early Republic
        • John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence
        • Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington
        • Gilbert Stuart
          • The Skater
          • Lansdowne Portrait
        • Thomas Jefferson
          • Monticello
          • Rotunda, University of Virginia
        • Charles Willson Peale
          • Yarrow Mamout
          • Staircase Group (Portrait of Raphaelle Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale)
          • The Artist in His Museum
        • John Vanderlyn, Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos
        • Thomas Birch
          • Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie
          • Fairmount Water Works
    • Caribbean to c. 1800
      • José Campeche y Jordán
        • The portraitist of 18th-century Puerto Rico
        • Portrait of Governor Ramón de Castro
        • Exvoto de la Sagrada Familia
      • Agostino Brunias, Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape
    • United States in the 19th century
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      • Beginner’s guide—American art in context
        • The Mexican-American War: 19th-century American art in context
        • John Brown’s “tragic prelude” to the U.S. Civil War
        • The Missouri Compromise and the dangerous precedent of appeasement
        • The U.S. Civil War
          • Causes of the War
            • “The Immediate Cause of the Civil War,” an introduction
            • The problem of picturing slavery
            • Images in a divided world
            • Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery
          • Experiences of the War
            • Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The work of war
            • Homes and families
            • Refugees, prisoners, and displacement
          • Commemoration of the War
            • Memory and commemoration of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The Lost Cause and Confederate memory
            • Abraham Lincoln and northern memory
        • Nast & Reconstruction, understanding a political cartoon
        • Nativism, immigration, and the Know-Nothing party
        • The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair
          • The World’s Columbian Exposition: Introduction
          • The White City and fairgrounds
          • The Midway
      • Romanticism
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        • Washington Allston, Elijah in the Desert
        • Thomas Cole
          • Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
          • The Oxbow
          • Thomas Cole, The Architect’s Dream
          • The Hunter’s Return
        • Hicks’s The Peaceable Kingdom as Pennsylvania parable
        • George Catlin, The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas
        • Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze
          • Washington Crossing the Delaware
          • Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
        • Rothermel, De Soto Raising the Cross on the Banks of the Mississippi
        • Jasper Francis Cropsey, Mount Jefferson, Pinkham Notch, White Mountains
        • Frederic Edwin Church
          • Niagara and Heart of the Andes
          • Cotopaxi
          • The Iceberg
        • Fitz Henry Lane, Owl’s Head, Penobscot Bay, Maine
        • Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Valley, California
        • Thomas Moran, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
        • A dream of Italy: Black artists and travel in the nineteenth century
      • Art and Jewish culture
        • An introduction to Jewish art in the United States Before 1900
        • Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Religious Liberty
        • Henry Mosler, Le Retour
        • Julius Bien, Max Rosenthal, and chromolithography
        • Solomon Nunes Carvalho, View of a Cheyenne Village
      • The Radical Floriography of Sarah Mapps Douglass
      • Realism
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        • Francis Guy, Winter Scene in Brooklyn
        • John Wesley Jarvis, Black Hawk and His Son Whirling Thunder
        • William Sidney Mount, Bargaining for a Horse
        • John James Audubon, The Wild Turkey
        • Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico
        • Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits
        • George Caleb Bingham, Country Politician
        • Frederic Church, The Natural Bridge, Virginia
        • Blythe, Justice
        • Thomas Hovenden, The Last Moments of John Brown
        • Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty — The Fugitive Slaves
        • Lilly Martin Spencer, The Home of the Red, White, and Blue
        • Samuel Colman, Jr., Ships Unloading, New York
        • Thomas Eakins
          • The Champion Single Sculls (Max Schmitt in a Single Scull)
          • The Gross Clinic
        • Winslow Homer
          • The U.S. Civil War, sharpshooters and Winslow Homer
          • Army Teamsters
          • Taking Sunflower to Teacher
          • The Life Line
          • The Fog Warning (or Halibut Fishing)
          • Northeaster
        • Grafton Tyler Brown, View of the Lower Falls, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
      • Western art
        • Frederic Remington, The Fall of the Cowboy
      • Aestheticism and the Gilded Age
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        • James Abbott McNeill Whistler
          • Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
          • Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket
        • John Singer Sargent
          • El Jaleo
          • The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
          • Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau)
          • Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose
          • Kehinde Wiley on John Singer Sargent
        • Childe Hassam
          • Childe Hassam, Horticulture Building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
      • Photography
        • Browse this content
        • John Choate, Boarding School Portraits of Tom Torlino
        • Carleton Watkins
          • Eagle Creek, Columbia River
          • Peaks and perils: The life of Carleton Watkins
        • Timothy O’Sullivan
          • A Harvest of Death
          • Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle
        • Jacob Riis, “Knee-Pants” at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen—A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop, from How the Other Half Lives
      • Sculpture and architecture
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        • The Alamo (& Mission San Antonio de Valero)
        • Inventing America, Colt’s Experimental Pocket Pistol
        • Cultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield county
        • David Drake, Double-handled jug
        • Little Round House
        • John Quincy Adams Ward, The Freedman
        • Edmonia Lewis
          • The Old Arrow Maker
          • Forever Free
        • Anna Pottery, Snake jug
        • Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave
        • William Wetmore Story, Cleopatra
        • Thomas Crawford, George Washington Equestrian Monument
        • Slave Burial Ground, University of Alabama
        • Seneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New York
        • Olmsted and Vaux, Central Park
        • Herter Brothers, Mark Hopkins House Side Chair
        • Robert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington Monument
        • The light of democracy — examining the Statue of Liberty
        • Monument Avenue and the Lost Cause
        • Defeated, heroized, dismantled: Richmond’s Robert E. Lee Monument
        • Shrady and Casey, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
        • Burnham and Root
          • The Monadnock Building
          • Reliance Building
        • Louis Sullivan
          • Bayard-Condict Building
          • Carson, Pirie, Scott Building
        • Carrère & Hastings, The New York Public Library
    • Canada in the 19th century
      • “A Cheap Farm House,” c. 1864–onward
      • William Notman, Ice Shove, Commissioner Street, Montreal
      • Frances Jones (Bannerman), In the Conservatory
  • South America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Beginner’s guide
      • Introduction to Andean Cultures
      • Introduction to Ancient Andean Art
      • Ancient Andean art in context: An origin story (“The Legend of Ñaymlap”)
    • Peru and Bolivia
      • Caral
      • Cupisnique
        • Feline-Head Bottle
      • Chavín culture
        • Chavín de Huántar
        • Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavín de Huántar and beyond
      • Salinar culture
        • Nose ornament with spiders
      • Nasca
        • Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs
        • Nasca ceramics, an introduction
        • Nasca Geoglyphs
        • The Paracas Textile
      • Paracas
        • Browse this content
        • Paracas, an introduction
        • Paracas Textiles, an introduction
        • Paracas Supernatural Bird Mantle
        • Paracas Feline Face Bottle
        • Paracas Flying Figure Bowl
      • Moche culture
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        • Moche culture, an introduction
        • The Moche Royal Tombs of Sipán
        • Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers
        • Moche Portrait Head Bottle
        • Funerary bundle of the Señora de Cao
        • Moche Octopus Headdress
      • Wari
        • Four-cornered hat
        • Feather panels
        • A Wari tunic
      • Tiwanaku
        • Tiwanaku, an introduction
        • Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku
      • Chancay culture
        • Chancay Standing Female Figure
      • Chimú culture
        • Introduction to the Chimú culture
        • Chan Chan
      • Sicán culture
        • Inverse-Face Beaker
      • Inka
        • Browse this content
        • Introduction to the Inka
        • Inka stone vessels
        • The Inka khipu
        • City of Cusco
        • An Inka paccha
        • Maize cobs
        • Machu Picchu
        • All-T’oqapu Tunic
        • Inka checkerboard tunics
        • Keru Vessel
        • What is an Inka ushnu?
        • Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes
    • Ecuador
      • Chorrera culture
        • Chorrera ceramics
      • Jama-Coaque culture
        • Jama-Coaque ceramics
    • Ancient Colombia chiefdoms
      • Ancient Colombian goldmaking
      • Muisca Raft
  • South America c. 1500–1820
    • Browse this content
    • Viceroyalty of Peru
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Introduction to the Viceroyalty of Peru
        • Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru
      • 16th century
        • Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru
        • Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia
        • Textiles in the Colonial Andes
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Guaman Poma and the First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • Guaman Poma and The First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • “Bad Confession” in Guaman Poma’s The First New Chronicle and Good Government
        • The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
          • The Church of San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas
          • Luis de Riaño and Indigenous collaborators, The Paths to Heaven and Hell, Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
        • Bernardo Bitti, Coronation of the Virgin
        • Alonso de Ovalle, Tabula geographica regni Chile
        • Diego Quispe Tito, Last Judgment, 1675
        • Parish of San Sebastián, Procession of Corpus Christi series
        • Master of Calamarca, Angel with Arquebus
        • Melchor Pérez de Holguín, Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí
        • Cusco School painting
          • Our Lady of Cocharcas and the Cuzco School of Painting
          • The Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity
          • The Child Mary Spinning
          • Cusco School Artist, Saint Joseph and the Christ Child
          • Conserving Cuzco School Paintings
        • Fourteen portraits of the Inka Kings
        • Official Portrait of Bishop Luis Francisco Romero
        • Portraits of Francisca Ramírez de Laredo and Antonio de Ulloa
        • Churches of Chiloé
    • Viceroyalty of New Granada
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      • Virgin of Chiquinquirá
      • Juan Pedro López, Our Lady of Guidance
      • Crown of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception
      • Diego Antonio de Landaeta, Portrait of Petronila Méndez
      • Vicente Albán, Quito series
    • Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
      • Jesuit Missions of the Río de la Plata
    • Colonial Brazil
      • Browse this content
      • Introduction to colonial Brazil
      • Albert Eckhout, Series of eight figures
      • Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto
      • Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks, Ouro Preto
      • Mestre Valentim, Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro
      • Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872
      • Carlos Julião
        • Watercolor manuscript
        • “Black Kings and Queens”
      • Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis
      • Manoel da Costa Ataíde, ceiling painting of the Church of Saint Anthony, Santa Bárbara
    • Amazonian
      • Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
      • Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
  • Latin America c. 1800–1900
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Independence from Spanish rule in South America
      • Early Scientific Exploration in Latin America
      • Costumbrismo
      • Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
      • Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
      • The challenge of the nude in 19th-century Latin American painting
    • Mexico in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • The Academy of San Carlos
      • Mexican Independence
      • Manuel Vilar, Tlahuicole
      • Félix Parra, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
      • José María Velasco
        • The Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range
        • The Candelabrum
      • José Agustín Arrieta, La Sorpreza
      • Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, La despedida del joven indio
      • Cristo de Sacromonte ex-voto
      • Retablo of La Mano Poderosa/The All Powerful Hand
    • Caribbean in the 19th century
      • Francisco Oller
        • The Wake
        • Hacienda La Fortuna
      • Richard Evans, Portraits of the Caribbean’s first Black king and prince
      • Isaac Mendes Belisario, Sketches of Character
    • Colombia in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • Carmelo Fernández, The Strait of Furatena in the Minero River
    • Photography
      • Marc Ferrez, Slaves at a Coffee Yard in a Farm, Vale do Paraiba, Sao Paulo

The Americas to 1900

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • Defining “Pre-Columbian” and “Mesoamerica”
    • Introduction to the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas
    • African religious culture in the Atlantic world
    • Latin American art: an introduction
    • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
    • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
    • Teresita Fernández on Precolumbian gold
  • North America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Native American / First Nations
      • Browse this content
      • Clovis culture
        • Clovis Culture, an introduction
      • Bannerstones, an introduction
      • Moundbuilders
        • Fort Ancient Culture: Great Serpent Mound
        • Mississippian shell neck ornament (gorget)
      • Ancestral Puebloan
        • Mesa Verde
        • Chaco Canyon
        • Socorro black-on-white storage jar
      • Mogollon
        • Introduction to Mogollon
        • Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Mogollon culture
    • Mesoamerica
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide to Mesoamerica
        • Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Periods in Mesoamerican history
        • The Mesoamerican Calendar
        • Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine
        • Late pre-classic Mesoamerica, an introduction
        • Mesoamerican art in context: an excerpt from an origin story (Popol Vuh)
        • Glossary for pre-Columbian art
      • Tlatilco
        • Tlatilco Figurines
      • Olmec
        • Browse this content
        • Kunz Axe (Olmec)
        • Offering #4, La Venta
        • The Lord of Las Limas
        • Olmec Jade
        • Olmec mask (offering 20 from the Templo Mayor)
        • Olmec mask at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
        • Olmec figurine
      • West Mexico
        • Pottery dog, Colima culture
        • Rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
      • Zapotec
        • Ancestor figure
      • Teotihuacan
        • Teotihuacan
        • Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Sun
      • Classic Veracruz culture
        • The Mesoamerican ballgame and a Classic Veracruz yoke
        • El Tajín
      • Maya
        • Browse this content
        • The Maya, an introduction
        • Maya glyphs, a basic introduction
        • Plaque of a Maya king from Teotihuacan
        • Mirror-Bearer
        • Vessel with a mythological scene
        • Politics and History on a Maya Vase
        • Maya: The Fenton Vase
        • Chakalte’, Relief with Enthroned Ruler
        • Classic Maya portrait stelae
        • Palenque (Classic Period)
        • Maya: The Yaxchilán Lintels
        • Yaxchilán—Lintels 24 and 25 from Structure 23 and structures 33 and 40
        • Códice Maya de México
          Getty Conversations
        • Tikal
        • Tikal Stela 16
        • Copán
        • Quiriguá
      • Xochicalco
      • Cholula
        • Pottery vessel, Mixteca-Puebla style
      • Huastec
        • Huastec: Life-Death Figure
      • Paquimé (Casas Grandes)
        • Paquimé, Casas Grandes
        • Paquimé jars
      • Mixtec
        • Codex Zouche-Nuttall
        • Gold pendant depicting a ruler
      • Aztec
        • Browse this content
        • Beginner’s guide to the Mexica
          • Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • More on the Aztecs (Mexica)
          • Serpents in Mexica culture
        • The Templo Mayor and the Coyolxauhqui Stone
        • Coatlicue
        • Tlaloc vessel
        • The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone) (Aztec)
        • Coyolxauhqui Monolith
        • Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord)
        • Pottery model temples
        • Wooden slit-drum (teponaztli)
        • Codex Borgia
        • Turquoise mosaics
          • Turquoise mosaics, an introduction
          • Double-headed serpent
          • Serpent mask of Quetzalcoatl or Tlaloc
          • Mosaic mask of Tezcatlipoca
        • The House of the Eagles, and sculptures of Mictlantecuhtli and Eagle Warrior
        • Eagle Warrior
        • Stone kneeling figure of Chalchiuhtlicue
        • Seated figure of Xochipilli
        • Seated figure of Xiuhtecuhtli
        • Xiuhcoatl (fire serpent)
        • Brazier of Chicomecoatl
        • Aztec feathered headdress
        • Aztec art and feasts for the dead
        • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Painting Aztec History
    • Isthmian cultures (Central America)
      • Browse this content
      • Doe Shaman Effigy
      • Mirror Pendant in the Form of a Bat-Human From Grave 5, Sitio Conte
      • Central American art in context: an origin story of the Bribri people
    • Caribbean
      • Introduction to Taíno art
      • Taíno Zemis and Duhos
      • Taíno duho
  • North America c. 1500–1900
    • Browse this content
    • Native North American art
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Terms and Issues in Native American Art
        • About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
      • East
        • Browse this content
        • Global trade and an 18th-century Anishinaabe outfit
        • Anishinaabe shoulder bag
        • The bandolier bag (Lenni Lenape)
        • Bandolier Bag, an introduction
        • Codex Canadensis
      • West
        • Browse this content
        • 19th century
          • War Shirt (Upper Missouri River)
          • Juana Basilia Sitmelelene, Presentation Basket (Chumash)
          • Bear Claw Necklace (Pawnee)
          • Eastern Shoshone: Hide Painting of the Sun Dance, attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody)
          • Feathered war bonnet
          • Headdress (Cheyenne or Lakota)
          • Paukeigope (Kiowa), Cradleboard
          • Mató Nájin/Standing Bear (Minneconjou Lakota/Teton Sioux), Battle of Little Bighorn
          • Nellie Two Bear Gates (Iháƞktȟuƞwaƞna Dakhóta, Standing Rock Reservation), Suitcase
        • 20th century
          • Henry Oscar One Bull (Hunkpapa Lakota), Custer’s War
          • Carrie Bethel (Mono Lake Paiute), Basket bowl
          • Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
      • Southwest
        • Browse this content
        • Pueblo architecture and its relationship to place
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Acoma polychrome water jar
        • Hopi: White Ogre Tihu (Katsina Figure)
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
        • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), Polacca polychrome water jar
        • Maria Martinez (Puebloan), Black-on-black ceramic vessel
        • Julian Martinez (Puebloan), Buffalo Dancers
        • Awa Tsireh (Puebloan), Pottery Makers
        • The pueblo modernism of Ma Pe Wi (Puebloan)
      • Northwest coast & Arctic
        • Browse this content
        • Tsimshian shaman’s rattle
        • Ceremonial belt (Kwakwaka’wakw)
        • Transformation masks, an introduction
        • North Wind Mask (Yu’pik)
        • Arctic clothing
        • Haida totem pole, from Old Kasaan
        • Haida potlatch pole
        • Bentwood Boxes of the Northwest Coast peoples
        • Tlingit mortuary and memorial totem poles
        • Tlingit Proud Raven totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • Tlingit Oyster Man totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
        • The Chief Johnson Totem Pole
        • Dorica Jackson, Diving Whale Chilkat Robe
        • Clarissa Rizal (Tlingit), Resilience Robe
        • Northwest Coast Basketry—Woven Traditions
    • New Spain
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • New Spain, an introduction
        • Prints and Printmakers in Colonial New Spain
        • The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red
        • The Medici collect the Americas
        • Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Corn pith sculptures
        • Defensive saints and angels in the Spanish Americas
        • Elite secular art in New Spain
      • 16th century
        • Hispaniola’s early colonial art, an introduction 
        • The Codex Huexotzinco
        • La Casa del Deán in Puebla
        • Classical Architecture in Viceregal Mexico
        • Puebla de los Ángeles and the classical architectural tradition
        • Hearst Chalice
        • Missions and their art
          • Mission churches as theaters of conversion in New Spain
          • St. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo
          • The Convento of San Nicolás de Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo
          • A new Jerusalem in the Americas—the convento of Acolman
          • Murals from New Spain, San Agustín de Acolman
          • Atrial Cross at Acolman
        • Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
        • Images of Africans in the Codex Telleriano Remensis and Codex Azcatitlan
        • The Florentine Codex
          • Bernardino de Sahagún and Indigenous collaborators, Florentine Codex
          • Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
        • Featherworks
          • Featherworks: The Mass of St. Gregory
          • A Renaissance miniature in wood and feathers
          • A shimmering saint, St. John in featherwork
        • Map of Cholula, from the relaciones geográficas
        • “Burning of the Idols,” in Diego Muñoz Camargo’s Description of the City and Province of Tlaxcala
        • Engravings in Diego de Valadés’s Rhetorica Christiana
        • Saintly violence? Santiago on Horseback
        • The manuscripts of Luis de Carvajal
        • Andrés de Concha, St. Cecilia
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Testerian Catechism, The Egerton Codex
        • Baltasar de Echave Ibía, The Hermits
        • Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
        • Sebastián López de Arteaga, Marriage of the Virgin
        • Miguel González, The Virgin of Guadalupe
        • Christ Crucified, a Hispano-Philippine ivory
        • Cristóbal de Villalpando, View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico City
        • Talavera poblana
        • Biombos (folding screens)
          • Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene (or Brooklyn Biombo)
          • Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City
        • Miguel Cabrera
          • Virgin of the Apocalypse
          • Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
        • Casta paintings
          • Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo, attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez
          • Francisco Clapera, set of sixteen casta paintings
        • Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz, Christ Consoled by Angels
        • The Virgin of the Macana and the Pueblo Revolution of 1680
        • Miguel de Herrera, Portrait of a Lady
        • Crowned nun portraits
          • Crowned nun portraits, an introduction
          • Crowned Nun Portrait of Sor María de Guadalupe
        • Escudos de monjas, or nuns’ badges, in New Spain
        • Mission San Antonio de Valero & the Alamo
        • Nativity group, from Guatemala
        • Jerónimo de Balbás, Altar of the Kings (Altar de los Reyes)
        • Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastian, Taxco, Mexico
    • British colonies and the Early Republic
      • Browse this content
      • Colonial period
        • Inventing “America,” The Engravings of Theodore de Bry
        • Portraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby)
        • Puritan court cupboard
        • African Burial Ground, New York
        • John Smibert, The Bermuda Group
        • Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735
        • Silver sugar bowl
        • Benjamin West
          • The Death of General Wolfe
          • Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
        • John Singleton Copley
          • A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)
          • Ostentatious plainness: Copley’s portrait of the Mifflins
          • Paul Revere
          • The Copley Family
          • Watson and the Shark
      • Early Republic
        • John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence
        • Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington
        • Gilbert Stuart
          • The Skater
          • Lansdowne Portrait
        • Thomas Jefferson
          • Monticello
          • Rotunda, University of Virginia
        • Charles Willson Peale
          • Yarrow Mamout
          • Staircase Group (Portrait of Raphaelle Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale)
          • The Artist in His Museum
        • John Vanderlyn, Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos
        • Thomas Birch
          • Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie
          • Fairmount Water Works
    • Caribbean to c. 1800
      • José Campeche y Jordán
        • The portraitist of 18th-century Puerto Rico
        • Portrait of Governor Ramón de Castro
        • Exvoto de la Sagrada Familia
      • Agostino Brunias, Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape
    • United States in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • Beginner’s guide—American art in context
        • The Mexican-American War: 19th-century American art in context
        • John Brown’s “tragic prelude” to the U.S. Civil War
        • The Missouri Compromise and the dangerous precedent of appeasement
        • The U.S. Civil War
          • Causes of the War
            • “The Immediate Cause of the Civil War,” an introduction
            • The problem of picturing slavery
            • Images in a divided world
            • Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery
          • Experiences of the War
            • Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The work of war
            • Homes and families
            • Refugees, prisoners, and displacement
          • Commemoration of the War
            • Memory and commemoration of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
            • The Lost Cause and Confederate memory
            • Abraham Lincoln and northern memory
        • Nast & Reconstruction, understanding a political cartoon
        • Nativism, immigration, and the Know-Nothing party
        • The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair
          • The World’s Columbian Exposition: Introduction
          • The White City and fairgrounds
          • The Midway
      • Romanticism
        • Browse this content
        • Washington Allston, Elijah in the Desert
        • Thomas Cole
          • Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
          • The Oxbow
          • Thomas Cole, The Architect’s Dream
          • The Hunter’s Return
        • Hicks’s The Peaceable Kingdom as Pennsylvania parable
        • George Catlin, The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas
        • Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze
          • Washington Crossing the Delaware
          • Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
        • Rothermel, De Soto Raising the Cross on the Banks of the Mississippi
        • Jasper Francis Cropsey, Mount Jefferson, Pinkham Notch, White Mountains
        • Frederic Edwin Church
          • Niagara and Heart of the Andes
          • Cotopaxi
          • The Iceberg
        • Fitz Henry Lane, Owl’s Head, Penobscot Bay, Maine
        • Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Valley, California
        • Thomas Moran, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
        • A dream of Italy: Black artists and travel in the nineteenth century
      • Art and Jewish culture
        • An introduction to Jewish art in the United States Before 1900
        • Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Religious Liberty
        • Henry Mosler, Le Retour
        • Julius Bien, Max Rosenthal, and chromolithography
        • Solomon Nunes Carvalho, View of a Cheyenne Village
      • The Radical Floriography of Sarah Mapps Douglass
      • Realism
        • Browse this content
        • Francis Guy, Winter Scene in Brooklyn
        • John Wesley Jarvis, Black Hawk and His Son Whirling Thunder
        • William Sidney Mount, Bargaining for a Horse
        • John James Audubon, The Wild Turkey
        • Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico
        • Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits
        • George Caleb Bingham, Country Politician
        • Frederic Church, The Natural Bridge, Virginia
        • Blythe, Justice
        • Thomas Hovenden, The Last Moments of John Brown
        • Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty — The Fugitive Slaves
        • Lilly Martin Spencer, The Home of the Red, White, and Blue
        • Samuel Colman, Jr., Ships Unloading, New York
        • Thomas Eakins
          • The Champion Single Sculls (Max Schmitt in a Single Scull)
          • The Gross Clinic
        • Winslow Homer
          • The U.S. Civil War, sharpshooters and Winslow Homer
          • Army Teamsters
          • Taking Sunflower to Teacher
          • The Life Line
          • The Fog Warning (or Halibut Fishing)
          • Northeaster
        • Grafton Tyler Brown, View of the Lower Falls, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
      • Western art
        • Frederic Remington, The Fall of the Cowboy
      • Aestheticism and the Gilded Age
        • Browse this content
        • James Abbott McNeill Whistler
          • Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
          • Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket
        • John Singer Sargent
          • El Jaleo
          • The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
          • Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau)
          • Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose
          • Kehinde Wiley on John Singer Sargent
        • Childe Hassam
          • Childe Hassam, Horticulture Building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
      • Photography
        • Browse this content
        • John Choate, Boarding School Portraits of Tom Torlino
        • Carleton Watkins
          • Eagle Creek, Columbia River
          • Peaks and perils: The life of Carleton Watkins
        • Timothy O’Sullivan
          • A Harvest of Death
          • Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle
        • Jacob Riis, “Knee-Pants” at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen—A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop, from How the Other Half Lives
      • Sculpture and architecture
        • Browse this content
        • The Alamo (& Mission San Antonio de Valero)
        • Inventing America, Colt’s Experimental Pocket Pistol
        • Cultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield county
        • David Drake, Double-handled jug
        • Little Round House
        • John Quincy Adams Ward, The Freedman
        • Edmonia Lewis
          • The Old Arrow Maker
          • Forever Free
        • Anna Pottery, Snake jug
        • Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave
        • William Wetmore Story, Cleopatra
        • Thomas Crawford, George Washington Equestrian Monument
        • Slave Burial Ground, University of Alabama
        • Seneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New York
        • Olmsted and Vaux, Central Park
        • Herter Brothers, Mark Hopkins House Side Chair
        • Robert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington Monument
        • The light of democracy — examining the Statue of Liberty
        • Monument Avenue and the Lost Cause
        • Defeated, heroized, dismantled: Richmond’s Robert E. Lee Monument
        • Shrady and Casey, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
        • Burnham and Root
          • The Monadnock Building
          • Reliance Building
        • Louis Sullivan
          • Bayard-Condict Building
          • Carson, Pirie, Scott Building
        • Carrère & Hastings, The New York Public Library
    • Canada in the 19th century
      • “A Cheap Farm House,” c. 1864–onward
      • William Notman, Ice Shove, Commissioner Street, Montreal
      • Frances Jones (Bannerman), In the Conservatory
  • South America before c. 1500
    • Browse this content
    • Beginner’s guide
      • Introduction to Andean Cultures
      • Introduction to Ancient Andean Art
      • Ancient Andean art in context: An origin story (“The Legend of Ñaymlap”)
    • Peru and Bolivia
      • Caral
      • Cupisnique
        • Feline-Head Bottle
      • Chavín culture
        • Chavín de Huántar
        • Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavín de Huántar and beyond
      • Salinar culture
        • Nose ornament with spiders
      • Nasca
        • Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs
        • Nasca ceramics, an introduction
        • Nasca Geoglyphs
        • The Paracas Textile
      • Paracas
        • Browse this content
        • Paracas, an introduction
        • Paracas Textiles, an introduction
        • Paracas Supernatural Bird Mantle
        • Paracas Feline Face Bottle
        • Paracas Flying Figure Bowl
      • Moche culture
        • Browse this content
        • Moche culture, an introduction
        • The Moche Royal Tombs of Sipán
        • Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers
        • Moche Portrait Head Bottle
        • Funerary bundle of the Señora de Cao
        • Moche Octopus Headdress
      • Wari
        • Four-cornered hat
        • Feather panels
        • A Wari tunic
      • Tiwanaku
        • Tiwanaku, an introduction
        • Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku
      • Chancay culture
        • Chancay Standing Female Figure
      • Chimú culture
        • Introduction to the Chimú culture
        • Chan Chan
      • Sicán culture
        • Inverse-Face Beaker
      • Inka
        • Browse this content
        • Introduction to the Inka
        • Inka stone vessels
        • The Inka khipu
        • City of Cusco
        • An Inka paccha
        • Maize cobs
        • Machu Picchu
        • All-T’oqapu Tunic
        • Inka checkerboard tunics
        • Keru Vessel
        • What is an Inka ushnu?
        • Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes
    • Ecuador
      • Chorrera culture
        • Chorrera ceramics
      • Jama-Coaque culture
        • Jama-Coaque ceramics
    • Ancient Colombia chiefdoms
      • Ancient Colombian goldmaking
      • Muisca Raft
  • South America c. 1500–1820
    • Browse this content
    • Viceroyalty of Peru
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Introduction to the Viceroyalty of Peru
        • Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru
      • 16th century
        • Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru
        • Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia
        • Textiles in the Colonial Andes
      • 17th and 18th centuries
        • Guaman Poma and the First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • Guaman Poma and The First New Chronicle and Good Government
          • “Bad Confession” in Guaman Poma’s The First New Chronicle and Good Government
        • The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
          • The Church of San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas
          • Luis de Riaño and Indigenous collaborators, The Paths to Heaven and Hell, Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
        • Bernardo Bitti, Coronation of the Virgin
        • Alonso de Ovalle, Tabula geographica regni Chile
        • Diego Quispe Tito, Last Judgment, 1675
        • Parish of San Sebastián, Procession of Corpus Christi series
        • Master of Calamarca, Angel with Arquebus
        • Melchor Pérez de Holguín, Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí
        • Cusco School painting
          • Our Lady of Cocharcas and the Cuzco School of Painting
          • The Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity
          • The Child Mary Spinning
          • Cusco School Artist, Saint Joseph and the Christ Child
          • Conserving Cuzco School Paintings
        • Fourteen portraits of the Inka Kings
        • Official Portrait of Bishop Luis Francisco Romero
        • Portraits of Francisca Ramírez de Laredo and Antonio de Ulloa
        • Churches of Chiloé
    • Viceroyalty of New Granada
      • Browse this content
      • Virgin of Chiquinquirá
      • Juan Pedro López, Our Lady of Guidance
      • Crown of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception
      • Diego Antonio de Landaeta, Portrait of Petronila Méndez
      • Vicente Albán, Quito series
    • Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
      • Jesuit Missions of the Río de la Plata
    • Colonial Brazil
      • Browse this content
      • Introduction to colonial Brazil
      • Albert Eckhout, Series of eight figures
      • Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto
      • Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks, Ouro Preto
      • Mestre Valentim, Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro
      • Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872
      • Carlos Julião
        • Watercolor manuscript
        • “Black Kings and Queens”
      • Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis
      • Manoel da Costa Ataíde, ceiling painting of the Church of Saint Anthony, Santa Bárbara
    • Amazonian
      • Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
      • Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
  • Latin America c. 1800–1900
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Independence from Spanish rule in South America
      • Early Scientific Exploration in Latin America
      • Costumbrismo
      • Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
      • Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
      • The challenge of the nude in 19th-century Latin American painting
    • Mexico in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • The Academy of San Carlos
      • Mexican Independence
      • Manuel Vilar, Tlahuicole
      • Félix Parra, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
      • José María Velasco
        • The Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range
        • The Candelabrum
      • José Agustín Arrieta, La Sorpreza
      • Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, La despedida del joven indio
      • Cristo de Sacromonte ex-voto
      • Retablo of La Mano Poderosa/The All Powerful Hand
    • Caribbean in the 19th century
      • Francisco Oller
        • The Wake
        • Hacienda La Fortuna
      • Richard Evans, Portraits of the Caribbean’s first Black king and prince
      • Isaac Mendes Belisario, Sketches of Character
    • Colombia in the 19th century
      • Browse this content
      • Carmelo Fernández, The Strait of Furatena in the Minero River
    • Photography
      • Marc Ferrez, Slaves at a Coffee Yard in a Farm, Vale do Paraiba, Sao Paulo

Monument Avenue and the Lost Cause

by Dr. Sarah Beetham and Dr. Steven Zucker

A conversation on Monument Avenue, Richmond, Virginia, July, 2021

Cite this page as: Dr. Sarah Beetham and Dr. Steven Zucker, "Monument Avenue and the Lost Cause," in Smarthistory, September 10, 2021, accessed September 21, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/monument-avenue-and-the-lost-cause/.
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