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The Americas to 1900

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A beginner's guide
Defining “Pre-Columbian” and “Mesoamerica”
Introduction to the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas
Latin American art: an introduction
About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
Terms and Issues in Native American Art
Teresita Fernández on Precolumbian gold
North America before c. 1500
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Native American / First Nations
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Clovis culture
Clovis Culture, an introduction
Bannerstones, an introduction
Moundbuilders
Fort Ancient Culture: Great Serpent Mound
Mississippian shell neck ornament (gorget)
Ancestral Puebloan
Mesa Verde
Chaco Canyon
Socorro black-on-white storage jar
Mesoamerica
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A beginner's guide to Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica, an introduction
Glossary for pre-Columbian art
The Mesoamerican Calendar
Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine
Tlatilco
Tlatilco Figurines
Olmec
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Kunz Axe (Olmec)
Offering #4, La Venta
Olmec Jade
Olmec mask
Olmec mask at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Olmec figurine
Olmec stone mask
West Mexico
Pottery dog, Colima culture
Zapotec
Ancestor figure
Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan
Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Sun
Classic Veracruz culture
The Mesoamerican ballgame and a Classic Veracruz yoke
Maya
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The Maya, an introduction
Mirror-Bearer
Vessel with a mythological scene
Politics and History on a Maya Vase
Maya: The Fenton Vase
Chakalte’, Relief with Enthroned Ruler
Palenque (Classic Period)
Maya: The Yaxchilán Lintels
Yaxchilán—Lintels 24 and 25 from Structure 23 and structures 33 and 40
Classic Maya portrait stelae
Cholula
Pottery vessel, Mixteca-Puebla style
Huastec
Huastec: Life-Death Figure
Mixtec
Codex Zouche-Nuttall
Gold pendant depicting a ruler
Aztec
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Beginner's guide to the Mexica
Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica)
More on the Aztecs (Mexica)
Serpents in Mexica culture
The Templo Mayor and the Coyolxauhqui Stone
Coatlicue
Tlaloc vessel
The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone) (Aztec)
Coyolxauhqui Monolith
Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord)
Pottery model temples
Wooden slit-drum (teponaztli)
Codex Borgia
Turquoise mosaics
Turquoise mosaics, an introduction
Double-headed serpent
Serpent mask of Quetzalcoatl or Tlaloc
Mosaic mask of Tezcatlipoca
The House of the Eagles, and sculptures of Mictlantecuhtli and Eagle Warrior
Eagle Warrior
Stone kneeling figure of Chalchiuhtlicue
Seated figure of Xochipilli
Seated figure of Xiuhtecuhtli
Xiuhcoatl (fire serpent)
Brazier of Chicomecoatl
Aztec feathered headdress
Aztec art and feasts for the dead
Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
Painting Aztec History
Isthmian cultures (Central America)
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Doe Shaman Effigy
Mirror Pendant in the Form of a Bat-Human From Grave 5, Sitio Conte
Caribbean
Introduction to Taíno art
Taíno Zemis and Duhos
North America c. 1500 - 1900
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Native North American art
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A beginner's guide
Terms and Issues in Native American Art
About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
East
Global trade and an 18th-century Anishinaabe outfit
Anishinaabe shoulder bag
The bandolier bag
Bandolier Bag
West
Juana Basilia Sitmelelene, Presentation Basket (Chumash)
War Shirt (Upper Missouri River)
Bear Claw Necklace (Pawnee)
Eastern Shoshone: Hide Painting of the Sun Dance, attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody)
Feathered war bonnet
Headdress (Cheyenne or Lakota)
Mató Nájin/Standing Bear, Battle of Little Bighorn
Nellie Two Bear Gates, Suitcase
Henry Oscar One Bull, Custer’s War
Carrie Bethel, Basket bowl
Southwest
Pueblo architecture and its relationship to place
Acoma polychrome water jar
White Ogre Tihu (Katsina Figure)
Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
Nampeyo, Polacca polychrome water jar
Puebloan: Maria Martinez, Black-on-black ceramic vessel
Puebloan: Julian Martinez, Buffalo Dancers
The pueblo modernism of Ma Pe Wi
Northwest coast
Tsimshian shaman’s rattle
Ceremonial belt (Kwakwaka’wakw)
Transformation masks
North Wind Mask
Clarissa Rizal, Resilience Robe
New Spain
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A beginner's guide
New Spain, an introduction
Prints and Printmakers in Colonial New Spain
The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red
The Medici collect the Americas
Virgin of Guadalupe
Defensive saints and angels in the Spanish Americas
Elite secular art in New Spain
16th century
Hispaniola’s early colonial art, an introduction 
Classical Architecture in Viceregal Mexico
Missions and their art
Mission churches as theaters of conversion in New Spain
St. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo
The Convento of San Nicolás de Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo
Murals from New Spain, San Agustín de Acolman
Atrial Cross at Acolman
The Codex Huexotzinco
Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
The Florentine Codex
Bernardino de Sahagún and collaborators, Florentine Codex
Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
Featherworks
Featherworks: The Mass of St. Gregory
A Renaissance miniature in wood and feathers
Map of Cholula, from the relaciones geográficas
Engravings in Diego de Valadés’s Rhetorica Christiana
Saintly violence? Santiago on Horseback
The manuscripts of Luis de Carvajal
Andrés de Concha, St. Cecilia
17th and 18th centuries
Baltasar de Echave Ibía, The Hermits
Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
Miguel González, The Virgin of Guadalupe
Cristóbal de Villalpando, View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico City
Biombos (folding screens)
Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene (or Brooklyn Biombo)
Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City
Christ Crucified, a Hispano-Philippine ivory
Miguel Cabrera
Virgin of the Apocalypse
Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Casta paintings
Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo, attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez
Francisco Clapera, set of sixteen casta paintings
The Virgin of the Macana and the Pueblo Revolution of 1680
Mission San Antonio de Valero & the Alamo
Nativity group, from Guatemala
Jerónimo de Balbás, Altar of the Kings (Altar de los Reyes)
Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastian, Taxco, Mexico
Crowned nun portraits
Crowned nun portraits, an introduction
Crowned Nun Portrait of Sor María de Guadalupe
British colonies and the Early Republic
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Colonial period
Inventing “America,” The Engravings of Theodore de Bry
Portraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby)
Puritan court cupboard
African Burial Ground, New York
Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735
Silver sugar bowl
Benjamin West
The Death of General Wolfe
Penn's Treaty with the Indians
John Singleton Copley
A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)
Ostentatious plainness: Copley's portrait of the Mifflins
Paul Revere
The Copley Family
Watson and the Shark
Early Republic
John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence
Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington
Gilbert Stuart
The Skater
Lansdowne Portrait
Thomas Jefferson
Monticello
Rotunda, University of Virginia
Charles Willson Peale
Yarrow Mamout
Staircase Group (Portrait of Raphaelle Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale)
The Artist in His Museum
John Vanderlyn, Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos
Thomas Birch
Perry's Victory on Lake Erie
Fairmount Water Works
United States in the 19th century
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Beginner's guide—American art in context
The Mexican-American War: 19th-century American art in context
John Brown’s “tragic prelude” to the U.S. Civil War
Nast & Reconstruction, understanding a political cartoon
Nativism, immigration, and the Know-Nothing party
Romanticism
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Washington Allston, Elijah in the Desert
Thomas Cole
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
The Oxbow
Thomas Cole, The Architect's Dream
The Hunter's Return
Hicks’s The Peaceable Kingdom as Pennsylvania parable
George Catlin, The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas
Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze
Washington Crossing the Delaware
Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
Rothermel, De Soto Raising the Cross on the Banks of the Mississippi
Frederic Edwin Church
Niagara and Heart of the Andes
Cotopaxi
The Iceberg
Fitz Henry Lane, Owl’s Head, Penobscot Bay, Maine
Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Valley, California
Realism
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Francis Guy, Winter Scene in Brooklyn
William Sidney Mount, Bargaining for a Horse
Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico
George Caleb Bingham, Country Politician
Blythe, Justice
Thomas Hovenden, The Last Moments of John Brown
Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty — The Fugitive Slaves
Lilly Martin Spencer, The Home of the Red, White, and Blue
Samuel Colman, Jr., Ships Unloading, New York
Thomas Eakins
The Champion Single Sculls (Max Schmitt in a Single Scull)
The Gross Clinic
Winslow Homer
The U.S. Civil War, sharpshooters and Winslow Homer
 The Life Line
The Fog Warning (or Halibut Fishing)
Winslow Homer, Northeaster
Grafton Tyler Brown, View of the Lower Falls, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
Western art
Thomas Moran, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
The end of an era: Remington's The Fall of the Cowboy
Aestheticism and the Gilded Age
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James Abbott McNeill Whistler
Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket
John Singer Sargent
El Jaleo
The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau)
Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose
Kehinde Wiley on John Singer Sargent
Childe Hassam, Horticulture Building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
Sculpture, architecture and photography
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Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave
Inventing America, Colt’s Experimental Pocket Pistol
Seneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New York
John Quincy Adams Ward, The Freedman
Anna Pottery, Snake jug
Cultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield county
Carleton Watkins, Eagle Creek, Columbia River
William Howard (attributed), Writing desk
The light of democracy — examining the Statue of Liberty
Olmsted and Vaux, Central Park
Louis Sullivan, Bayard-Condict Building
Carrère & Hastings, The New York Public Library
The Alamo (& Mission San Antonio de Valero)
Timothy O’Sullivan
Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle
A Harvest of Death
Jacob Riis, “Knee-Pants” at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen—A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop, from How the Other Half Lives
Herter Brothers, Mark Hopkins House Side Chair
Robert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington Monument
Shrady and Casey, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
Mexico in the 19th century
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The Academy of San Carlos
Mexican Independence
Manuel Vilar, Tlahuicole
Félix Parra, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
José María Velasco
The Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range
The Candelabrum
José Agustín Arrieta, La Sorpreza
Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, La despedida del joven indio
South America before c. 1500
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Introduction to Andean Cultures
Introduction to Ancient Andean Art
Cupisnique
Feline-Head Bottle
Chavín culture
Chavín de Huántar
Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavín de Huántar and beyond
Salinar culture
Nose ornament with spiders
Nasca
Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs
Nasca Geoglyphs
The Paracas Textile
Paracas
Paracas, an introduction
Paracas Textiles, an introduction
Paracas Supernatural Bird Mantle
Paracas Feline Face Bottle
Paracas Flying Figure Bowl
Moche culture
Moche culture, an introduction
The Moche Royal Tombs of Sipán
Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers
Moche Portrait Head Bottle
Funerary bundle of the Señora de Cao
Wari
Four-cornered hat
Tiwanaku
Tiwanaku, an introduction
Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku
Chancay culture
Chancay Standing Female Figure
Chimú culture
Introduction to the Chimú culture
Sicán culture
Inverse-Face Beaker
Inka
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Introduction to the Inka
Inka stone vessels
City of Cusco
An Inka paccha
Maize cobs
Machu Picchu
All-T’oqapu Tunic
Keru Vessel
What is an Inka ushnu?
Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes
Ancient Colombia chiefdoms
Ancient Colombian goldmaking
Muisca Raft
South America c. 1500 - 1900
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Viceroyalty of Peru
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A beginner's guide
Introduction to the Viceroyalty of Peru
Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru
16th century
Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru
Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia
Textiles in the Colonial Andes
17th and 18th centuries
Guaman Poma and the First New Chronicle and Good Government
Guaman Poma and The First New Chronicle and Good Government
“Bad Confession” in Guaman Poma’s The First New Chronicle and Good Government
The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
The Church of San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas
Luis de Riaño and Indigenous collaborators, The Paths to Heaven and Hell, Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
Bernardo Bitti, Coronation of the Virgin
Alonso de Ovalle, Tabula geographica regni Chile
Diego Quispe Tito, Last Judgment, 1675
Parish of San Sebastián, Procession of Corpus Christi series
Master of Calamarca, Angel with Arquebus
Melchor Pérez de Holguín, Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí
Cusco School painting
Our Lady of Cocharcas and the Cuzco School of Painting
Cusco School Artist, Saint Joseph and the Christ Child
Conserving Cuzco School Paintings
Fourteen portraits of the Inka Kings
Colonial Brazil
Introduction to colonial Brazil
Albert Eckhout, Series of eight figures
Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto
Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks, Ouro Preto
Mestre Valentim, Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872
After independence
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Independence from Spanish rule in South America
Early Scientific Exploration in Latin America
Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
Costumbrismo
Carmelo Fernández, The Strait of Furatena in the Minero River
Amazonian
Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest

New Spain, an introduction

by Dr. Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank and Dr. Steven Zucker

An introduction to the Viceroyalty of New Spain

Cite this page as: Dr. Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank and Dr. Steven Zucker, "New Spain, an introduction," in Smarthistory, February 24, 2017, accessed May 8, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/new-spain/.

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Drawing on Japanese artistic forms

an artist responds to the HIV/AIDS crisis

kabukipop

Learn about Masami Teraoka's American Kabuki

and its relationship to crises in the 1980s

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