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The Americas to 1900

Browse this content
A beginner's guide
Defining “Pre-Columbian” and “Mesoamerica”
Introduction to the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas
Latin American art: an introduction
About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
Terms and Issues in Native American Art
Teresita Fernández on Precolumbian gold
North America before c. 1500
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Native American / First Nations
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Clovis culture
Clovis Culture, an introduction
Bannerstones, an introduction
Moundbuilders
Fort Ancient Culture: Great Serpent Mound
Mississippian shell neck ornament (gorget)
Ancestral Puebloan
Mesa Verde
Chaco Canyon
Socorro black-on-white storage jar
Mogollon
Introduction to Mogollon
Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Mogollon culture
Mesoamerica
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A beginner's guide to Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica, an introduction
Periods in Mesoamerican history
The Mesoamerican Calendar
Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine
Late pre-classic Mesoamerica, an introduction
Mesoamerican art in context: an excerpt from an origin story (Popol Vuh)
Glossary for pre-Columbian art
Tlatilco
Tlatilco Figurines
Olmec
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Kunz Axe (Olmec)
Offering #4, La Venta
Olmec Jade
Olmec mask (offering 20 from the Templo Mayor)
Olmec mask at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Olmec figurine
Olmec stone mask
West Mexico
Pottery dog, Colima culture
Rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
Zapotec
Ancestor figure
Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan
Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Sun
Classic Veracruz culture
The Mesoamerican ballgame and a Classic Veracruz yoke
El Tajín
Maya
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The Maya, an introduction
Maya glyphs, a basic introduction
Plaque of a Maya king from Teotihuacan
Mirror-Bearer
Vessel with a mythological scene
Politics and History on a Maya Vase
Maya: The Fenton Vase
Chakalte’, Relief with Enthroned Ruler
Classic Maya portrait stelae
Palenque (Classic Period)
Maya: The Yaxchilán Lintels
Yaxchilán—Lintels 24 and 25 from Structure 23 and structures 33 and 40
Códice Maya de México
Getty Conversations
Tikal
Tikal Stela 16
Copán
Quiriguá
Xochicalco
Cholula
Pottery vessel, Mixteca-Puebla style
Huastec
Huastec: Life-Death Figure
Paquimé (Casas Grandes)
Paquimé, Casas Grandes
Paquimé jars
Mixtec
Codex Zouche-Nuttall
Gold pendant depicting a ruler
Aztec
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Beginner's guide to the Mexica
Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica)
More on the Aztecs (Mexica)
Serpents in Mexica culture
The Templo Mayor and the Coyolxauhqui Stone
Coatlicue
Tlaloc vessel
The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone) (Aztec)
Coyolxauhqui Monolith
Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord)
Pottery model temples
Wooden slit-drum (teponaztli)
Codex Borgia
Turquoise mosaics
Turquoise mosaics, an introduction
Double-headed serpent
Serpent mask of Quetzalcoatl or Tlaloc
Mosaic mask of Tezcatlipoca
The House of the Eagles, and sculptures of Mictlantecuhtli and Eagle Warrior
Eagle Warrior
Stone kneeling figure of Chalchiuhtlicue
Seated figure of Xochipilli
Seated figure of Xiuhtecuhtli
Xiuhcoatl (fire serpent)
Brazier of Chicomecoatl
Aztec feathered headdress
Aztec art and feasts for the dead
Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
Painting Aztec History
Isthmian cultures (Central America)
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Doe Shaman Effigy
Mirror Pendant in the Form of a Bat-Human From Grave 5, Sitio Conte
Central American art in context: an origin story of the Bribri people
Caribbean
Introduction to Taíno art
Taíno Zemis and Duhos
Taíno duho
North America c. 1500–1900
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Native North American art
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A beginner's guide
Terms and Issues in Native American Art
About geography and chronological periods in Native American art
East
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Global trade and an 18th-century Anishinaabe outfit
Anishinaabe shoulder bag
The bandolier bag (Lenni Lenape)
Bandolier Bag, an introduction
Codex Canadensis
West
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19th century
War Shirt (Upper Missouri River)
Juana Basilia Sitmelelene, Presentation Basket (Chumash)
Bear Claw Necklace (Pawnee)
Eastern Shoshone: Hide Painting of the Sun Dance, attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody)
Feathered war bonnet
Headdress (Cheyenne or Lakota)
Paukeigope (Kiowa), Cradleboard
Mató Nájin/Standing Bear (Minneconjou Lakota/Teton Sioux), Battle of Little Bighorn
Nellie Two Bear Gates (Iháƞktȟuƞwaƞna Dakhóta, Standing Rock Reservation), Suitcase
20th century
Henry Oscar One Bull (Hunkpapa Lakota), Custer’s War
Carrie Bethel (Mono Lake Paiute), Basket bowl
Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
Southwest
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Pueblo architecture and its relationship to place
Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
Acoma polychrome water jar
Hopi: White Ogre Tihu (Katsina Figure)
Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), Polacca polychrome water jar
Maria Martinez (Puebloan), Black-on-black ceramic vessel
Julian Martinez (Puebloan), Buffalo Dancers
Awa Tsireh (Puebloan), Pottery Makers
The pueblo modernism of Ma Pe Wi (Puebloan)
Northwest coast & Arctic
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Tsimshian shaman’s rattle
Ceremonial belt (Kwakwaka’wakw)
Transformation masks, an introduction
North Wind Mask (Yu’pik)
Arctic clothing
Haida totem pole, from Old Kasaan
Haida potlatch pole
Bentwood Boxes of the Northwest Coast peoples
Tlingit mortuary and memorial totem poles
Tlingit Proud Raven totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
Tlingit Oyster Man totem pole, Saxman Totem Park
The Chief Johnson Totem Pole
Dorica Jackson, Diving Whale Chilkat Robe
Clarissa Rizal (Tlingit), Resilience Robe
Northwest Coast Basketry—Woven Traditions
New Spain
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A beginner's guide
New Spain, an introduction
Prints and Printmakers in Colonial New Spain
The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red
The Medici collect the Americas
Virgin of Guadalupe
Defensive saints and angels in the Spanish Americas
Elite secular art in New Spain
16th century
Hispaniola’s early colonial art, an introduction 
The Codex Huexotzinco
La Casa del Deán in Puebla
Classical Architecture in Viceregal Mexico
Puebla de los Ángeles and the classical architectural tradition
Hearst Chalice
Missions and their art
Mission churches as theaters of conversion in New Spain
St. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo
The Convento of San Nicolás de Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo
A new Jerusalem in the Americas—the convento of Acolman
Murals from New Spain, San Agustín de Acolman
Atrial Cross at Acolman
Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
Images of Africans in the Codex Telleriano Remensis and Codex Azcatitlan
The Florentine Codex
Bernardino de Sahagún and Indigenous collaborators, Florentine Codex
Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy
Featherworks
Featherworks: The Mass of St. Gregory
A Renaissance miniature in wood and feathers
A shimmering saint, St. John in featherwork
Map of Cholula, from the relaciones geográficas
“Burning of the Idols,” in Diego Muñoz Camargo’s Description of the City and Province of Tlaxcala
Engravings in Diego de Valadés’s Rhetorica Christiana
Saintly violence? Santiago on Horseback
The manuscripts of Luis de Carvajal
Andrés de Concha, St. Cecilia
17th and 18th centuries
Baltasar de Echave Ibía, The Hermits
Mission Church, San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
Sebastián López de Arteaga, Marriage of the Virgin
Miguel González, The Virgin of Guadalupe
Christ Crucified, a Hispano-Philippine ivory
Cristóbal de Villalpando, View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico City
Talavera poblana
Biombos (folding screens)
Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene (or Brooklyn Biombo)
Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City
Miguel Cabrera
Virgin of the Apocalypse
Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Casta paintings
Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo, attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez
Francisco Clapera, set of sixteen casta paintings
Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz, Christ Consoled by Angels
The Virgin of the Macana and the Pueblo Revolution of 1680
Miguel de Herrera, Portrait of a Lady
Crowned nun portraits
Crowned nun portraits, an introduction
Crowned Nun Portrait of Sor María de Guadalupe
Escudos de monjas, or nuns’ badges, in New Spain
Mission San Antonio de Valero & the Alamo
Nativity group, from Guatemala
Jerónimo de Balbás, Altar of the Kings (Altar de los Reyes)
Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastian, Taxco, Mexico
British colonies and the Early Republic
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Colonial period
Inventing “America,” The Engravings of Theodore de Bry
Portraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby)
Puritan court cupboard
African Burial Ground, New York
John Smibert, The Bermuda Group
Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735
Silver sugar bowl
Benjamin West
The Death of General Wolfe
Penn's Treaty with the Indians
John Singleton Copley
A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)
Ostentatious plainness: Copley's portrait of the Mifflins
Paul Revere
The Copley Family
Watson and the Shark
Early Republic
John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence
Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington
Gilbert Stuart
The Skater
Lansdowne Portrait
Thomas Jefferson
Monticello
Rotunda, University of Virginia
Charles Willson Peale
Yarrow Mamout
Staircase Group (Portrait of Raphaelle Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale)
The Artist in His Museum
John Vanderlyn, Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos
Thomas Birch
Perry's Victory on Lake Erie
Fairmount Water Works
Caribbean to c. 1800
José Campeche y Jordán
The portraitist of 18th-century Puerto Rico
Portrait of Governor Ramón de Castro
Exvoto de la Sagrada Familia
Agostino Brunias, Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape
United States in the 19th century
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Beginner's guide—American art in context
The Mexican-American War: 19th-century American art in context
John Brown’s “tragic prelude” to the U.S. Civil War
The Missouri Compromise and the dangerous precedent of appeasement
The U.S. Civil War
Causes of the War
“The Immediate Cause of the Civil War,” an introduction
The problem of picturing slavery
Images in a divided world
Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery
Experiences of the War
Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
The work of war
Homes and families
Refugees, prisoners, and displacement
Commemoration of the War
Memory and commemoration of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction
The Lost Cause and Confederate memory
Abraham Lincoln and northern memory
Nast & Reconstruction, understanding a political cartoon
Nativism, immigration, and the Know-Nothing party
The 1893 Chicago World's Fair
The World’s Columbian Exposition: Introduction
The White City and fairgrounds
The Midway
Romanticism
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Washington Allston, Elijah in the Desert
Thomas Cole
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
The Oxbow
Thomas Cole, The Architect's Dream
The Hunter's Return
Hicks’s The Peaceable Kingdom as Pennsylvania parable
George Catlin, The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas
Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze
Washington Crossing the Delaware
Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
Rothermel, De Soto Raising the Cross on the Banks of the Mississippi
Jasper Francis Cropsey, Mount Jefferson, Pinkham Notch, White Mountains
Frederic Edwin Church
Niagara and Heart of the Andes
Cotopaxi
The Iceberg
Fitz Henry Lane, Owl’s Head, Penobscot Bay, Maine
Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Valley, California
Thomas Moran, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
A dream of Italy: Black artists and travel in the nineteenth century
Art and Jewish culture
An introduction to Jewish art in the United States Before 1900
Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Religious Liberty
Henry Mosler, Le Retour
Julius Bien, Max Rosenthal, and chromolithography
Solomon Nunes Carvalho, View of a Cheyenne Village
The Radical Floriography of Sarah Mapps Douglass
Realism
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Francis Guy, Winter Scene in Brooklyn
John Wesley Jarvis, Black Hawk and His Son Whirling Thunder
William Sidney Mount, Bargaining for a Horse
John James Audubon, The Wild Turkey
Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico
Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits
George Caleb Bingham, Country Politician
Frederic Church, The Natural Bridge, Virginia
Blythe, Justice
Thomas Hovenden, The Last Moments of John Brown
Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty — The Fugitive Slaves
Lilly Martin Spencer, The Home of the Red, White, and Blue
Samuel Colman, Jr., Ships Unloading, New York
Thomas Eakins
The Champion Single Sculls (Max Schmitt in a Single Scull)
The Gross Clinic
Winslow Homer
The U.S. Civil War, sharpshooters and Winslow Homer
Army Teamsters
Taking Sunflower to Teacher
The Life Line
The Fog Warning (or Halibut Fishing)
Northeaster
Grafton Tyler Brown, View of the Lower Falls, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
Western art
Frederic Remington, The Fall of the Cowboy
Aestheticism and the Gilded Age
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James Abbott McNeill Whistler
Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket
John Singer Sargent
El Jaleo
The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau)
Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose
Kehinde Wiley on John Singer Sargent
Childe Hassam
Childe Hassam, Horticulture Building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
Photography
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Carleton Watkins
Eagle Creek, Columbia River
Peaks and perils: The life of Carleton Watkins
Timothy O’Sullivan
A Harvest of Death
Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle
Jacob Riis, “Knee-Pants” at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen—A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop, from How the Other Half Lives
Sculpture and architecture
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The Alamo (& Mission San Antonio de Valero)
Inventing America, Colt’s Experimental Pocket Pistol
Cultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield county
David Drake, Double-handled jug
Little Round House
John Quincy Adams Ward, The Freedman
Edmonia Lewis
The Old Arrow Maker
Forever Free
Anna Pottery, Snake jug
Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave
William Wetmore Story, Cleopatra
Thomas Crawford, George Washington Equestrian Monument
Slave Burial Ground, University of Alabama
Seneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New York
Olmsted and Vaux, Central Park
William Howard (attributed), Writing desk
Herter Brothers, Mark Hopkins House Side Chair
Robert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington Monument
The light of democracy — examining the Statue of Liberty
Monument Avenue and the Lost Cause
Defeated, heroized, dismantled: Richmond’s Robert E. Lee Monument
Shrady and Casey, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
Burnham and Root
The Monadnock Building
Reliance Building
Louis Sullivan
Bayard-Condict Building
Carson, Pirie, Scott Building
Carrère & Hastings, The New York Public Library
Canada in the 19th century
“A Cheap Farm House,” c. 1864–onward
William Notman, Ice Shove, Commissioner Street, Montreal
Frances Jones (Bannerman), In the Conservatory
South America before c. 1500
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Beginner's guide
Introduction to Andean Cultures
Introduction to Ancient Andean Art
Ancient Andean art in context: An origin story (“The Legend of Ñaymlap”)
Peru and Bolivia
Caral
Cupisnique
Feline-Head Bottle
Chavín culture
Chavín de Huántar
Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavín de Huántar and beyond
Salinar culture
Nose ornament with spiders
Nasca
Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs
Nasca ceramics, an introduction
Nasca Geoglyphs
The Paracas Textile
Paracas
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Paracas, an introduction
Paracas Textiles, an introduction
Paracas Supernatural Bird Mantle
Paracas Feline Face Bottle
Paracas Flying Figure Bowl
Moche culture
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Moche culture, an introduction
The Moche Royal Tombs of Sipán
Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers
Moche Portrait Head Bottle
Funerary bundle of the Señora de Cao
Moche Octopus Headdress
Wari
Four-cornered hat
Feather panels
A Wari tunic
Tiwanaku
Tiwanaku, an introduction
Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku
Chancay culture
Chancay Standing Female Figure
Chimú culture
Introduction to the Chimú culture
Chan Chan
Sicán culture
Inverse-Face Beaker
Inka
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Introduction to the Inka
Inka stone vessels
The Inka khipu
City of Cusco
An Inka paccha
Maize cobs
Machu Picchu
All-T’oqapu Tunic
Inka checkerboard tunics
Keru Vessel
What is an Inka ushnu?
Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes
Ecuador
Chorrera culture
Chorrera ceramics
Jama-Coaque culture
Jama-Coaque ceramics
Ancient Colombia chiefdoms
Ancient Colombian goldmaking
Muisca Raft
South America c. 1500–1820
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Viceroyalty of Peru
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A beginner's guide
Introduction to the Viceroyalty of Peru
Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru
16th century
Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru
Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia
Textiles in the Colonial Andes
17th and 18th centuries
Guaman Poma and the First New Chronicle and Good Government
Guaman Poma and The First New Chronicle and Good Government
“Bad Confession” in Guaman Poma’s The First New Chronicle and Good Government
The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
The Church of San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas
Luis de Riaño and Indigenous collaborators, The Paths to Heaven and Hell, Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas
Bernardo Bitti, Coronation of the Virgin
Alonso de Ovalle, Tabula geographica regni Chile
Diego Quispe Tito, Last Judgment, 1675
Parish of San Sebastián, Procession of Corpus Christi series
Master of Calamarca, Angel with Arquebus
Melchor Pérez de Holguín, Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí
Cusco School painting
Our Lady of Cocharcas and the Cuzco School of Painting
The Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity
The Child Mary Spinning
Cusco School Artist, Saint Joseph and the Christ Child
Conserving Cuzco School Paintings
Fourteen portraits of the Inka Kings
Official Portrait of Bishop Luis Francisco Romero
Portraits of Francisca Ramírez de Laredo and Antonio de Ulloa
Churches of Chiloé
Viceroyalty of New Granada
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Juan Pedro López, Our Lady of Guidance
Crown of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception
Diego Antonio de Landaeta, Portrait of Petronila Méndez
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Jesuit Missions of the Río de la Plata
Colonial Brazil
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Introduction to colonial Brazil
Albert Eckhout, Series of eight figures
Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto
Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks, Ouro Preto
Mestre Valentim, Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872
Carlos Julião, watercolor manuscript
Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis
Amazonian
Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
Latin America c. 1800–1900
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A beginner's guide
Independence from Spanish rule in South America
Early Scientific Exploration in Latin America
Costumbrismo
Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris
Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century Latin America
The challenge of the nude in 19th-century Latin American painting
Mexico in the 19th century
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The Academy of San Carlos
Mexican Independence
Manuel Vilar, Tlahuicole
Félix Parra, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
José María Velasco
The Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range
The Candelabrum
José Agustín Arrieta, La Sorpreza
Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, La despedida del joven indio
Cristo de Sacromonte ex-voto
Retablo of La Mano Poderosa/The All Powerful Hand
Caribbean in the 19th century
Francisco Oller
The Wake
Hacienda La Fortuna
Richard Evans, Portraits of the Caribbean’s first Black king and prince
Isaac Mendes Belisario, Sketches of Character
Colombia in the 19th century
Browse this content
Carmelo Fernández, The Strait of Furatena in the Minero River
Photography
Marc Ferrez, Slaves at a Coffee Yard in a Farm, Vale do Paraiba, Sao Paulo

Winslow Homer, The Life Line

by Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris

Winslow Homer, The Life Line, 1884, oil on canvas, 28-5/8 x 44-3/4 inches / 72.7 x 113.7 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)

Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
Homer, The Life Line, 1884Homer, The Life Line, 1884Homer, The Life Line, 1884Homer, The Life Line, 1884Homer, The Life Line, 1884Homer, The Life Line, 1884Homer, The Life Line, 1884

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Cite this page as: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris, "Winslow Homer, The Life Line," in Smarthistory, December 4, 2015, accessed May 30, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/winslow-homer-the-life-line/.

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From the Getty Conversations series

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inspired by Malian and Western traditions

Malick Sidibé, Back View (2003)

Sidibé was the first African and the first photographer awarded the Golden Lion Award for Lifetime Achievement at the Venice Biennale in 2007.

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