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Modernisms
1900-1980

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A beginner's guide
An Introduction to photography in the early 20th century
Contemporary Art, an introduction
Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
Art and context: Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville and Malevich’s White on White
Key concepts
Modern art and reality
Expression and modern art
Primitivism and Modern Art
Formalism I: Formal Harmony
Formalism II: Truth to Materials
Fauvism + Expressionism
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Fauvism
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Women in the Interior I Museums Without Borders
Fauvism, an introduction
Fauve Landscapes and City Views
André Derain, The Dance
Henri Matisse
Luxe, calme et volupté
Open Window, Collioure
Bonheur de Vivre
Dance I
The Red Studio
The Blue Window
Goldfish
The Piano Lesson
The illustrated book Jazz
Expressionism
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Expressionism, an introduction
Expressionism as Nordic?
Der Blaue Reiter
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Self-Portrait As a Soldier
Street, Dresden
Street, Berlin
Paula Modersohn-Becker, Self-Portrait Nude with Amber Necklace, Half-Length I
Emil Nolde, Young Couple
Alexej von Jawlensky, Young Girl in a Flowered Hat
Vasily Kandinsky
Kandinsky, Apocalypse, Abstraction
Improvisation 28 (second version)
Klänge (Sounds)
Franz Marc and the animalization of art
Egon Schiele
Seated Male Nude (Self-Portrait)
Nazi looting: Egon Schiele’s Portrait of Wally
The Hermits
Wangechi Mutu on Egon Schiele
Cubism + early abstraction
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The Case for Abstraction
Abstract art and Theosophy
Who created the first abstract artwork?
Cubism
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Beginner's guide to Cubism
Pablo Picasso and the new language of Cubism
Inventing Cubism
Cubism and multiple perspectives
Synthetic Cubism, Part I
Synthetic Cubism, Part II
Salon Cubism
Pablo Picasso
How to paint like Pablo Picasso (Cubism)
Picasso’s Early Work
The Old Guitarist, and the question of beauty
Guernica
Portrait of Gertrude Stein
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Three Women
The Reservoir, Horta de Ebro
Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
Still Life with Chair Caning
The Three Musicians
Guitar
Georges Braque
Le Viaduc à L'Estaque, (The Viaduct at L'Estaque)
Georges Braque, Violin and Palette
Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso: Two Cubist Musicians
The Portuguese
Cubist sculpture
Cubist Sculpture I
Cubist Sculpture II
Juan Gris, The Table
The Cubist City – Robert Delaunay and Fernand Léger
Fernand Léger
Contrast of Forms
Simultanism (Orphism)
Sonia Delaunay
Robert Delaunay
Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon
Russian avant-garde
Russian Neo-Primitivism: Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov
Kazimir Malevich, Black Square (1915)
Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: White on White
Kazimir Malevich and Cubo-Futurism
Suprematism, Part I: Kazimir Malevich
Suprematism, Part II: El Lissitzky
Constructivism, Part I
Constructivism, Part II
Tatlin’s Tower
Varvara Stepanova, The Results of the First Five-Year Plan
Purism
School of Paris
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Amedeo Modigliani, Young Woman in a Shirt
Constantin Brancusi
The Kiss
Photography
Henri Cartier-Bresson, Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare
Alexander Rodchenko, At the Telephone
De Stijl
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De Stijl, Part I: Total Purity
De Stijl, Part II: Near-Abstraction and Pure Abstraction
De Stijl, Part III: The Total De Stijl Environment
Piet Mondrian
Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow
Composition No. II, with Red and Blue
TateShots: Piet Mondrian
Italian art before WWI
Futurism
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Italian Futurism: An Introduction
Futurist Free Word Painting
Umberto Boccioni and the Futurist City
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
Gino Severini, Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin
Giacomo Balla, Street Light
Carlo Carrà, Funeral of the Anarchist Galli
Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Horse
Metaphysical Art
Giorgio de Chirico, The Soothsayer’s Recompense
British art and literature
British Art and Literature During WWI
Dada + Surrealism
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Dada
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A beginner's guide to Dada
Introduction to Dada
Dada Manifesto
Dada Pataphysics
Dada Politics
Dada Collage
Dada Readymades
Dada Performance
Marcel Duchamp
Nude Descending a Staircase, No 2
Art as concept: In Advance of the Broken Arm
Fountain
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
Boite-en-valise, Series F
Marcel Duchamp and the Viewer
Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale
Raoul Hausmann, Spirit of the Age: Mechanical Head
Dada's "Aproximate Man": A Portrait of Tristan Tzara (1919) by Marcel Janco
Hannah Höch,Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany
Francis Picabia, Ideal
Surrealism
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A beginner's guide
Surrealism, an introduction
The Case for Surrealism
Surrealism: Imagining A New World
Surrealism: Origins and Precursors
Surrealism and Psychoanalysis
Surrealist Techniques: Automatism
Surrealist Techniques: Subversive Realism
Surrealist Techniques: Collage
Surrealist Photography
Surrealist Exhibitions
Surrealism and Women
A brief guide to Egyptian Surrealism
Man Ray, The Gift
René Magritte, The Treachery of Images (Ceci n’est pas une pipe)
Salvador Dalí
The Persistence of Memory
Metamorphosis of Narcissus
Alberto Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.
Meret Oppenheim, Object (Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon)
André Masson, Battle of Fishes
German & Italian art between the wars
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Prints and photography
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Käthe Kollwitz, In Memoriam Karl Liebknecht
August Sander, Portraits
Umbo, The Roving Reporter
Horst P. Horst, Mainbocher Corset, Paris
Lotte Jacobi, Head of a Dancer
Gertrud Arndt, Self-Portrait with Veil
Bauhaus
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The Bauhaus, an Introduction
The Bauhaus and Bau
The Bauhaus: Marcel Breuer
The Bauhaus: Marianne Brandt
Lyonel Feininger, Cathedral for Program of the State Bauhaus in Weimar
Paul Klee, Twittering Machine (Die Zwitscher-Maschine)
László Moholy-Nagy
Telephone Pictures
Photogram
Composition A.XX
Climbing the Mast
New Objectivity
Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) – An Introduction
Christian Schad, Self-Portrait
George Grosz, Remembering
Nazi & Fascist visual culture
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Paul Troost, House of (German) Art
Adolf Ziegler, The Four Elements: Fire, Water and Earth, Air
Art in Nazi Germany
What is: Degenerate Art?
Murals and Public Art in 1930s Rome
The Mausoleum of Augustus and the Piazza Augusto Imperatore in Rome
Latin American Modernism
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Beginner's guide
Latin American art, an introduction
Early vanguards
Francisco Goitia, Tata Jesucristo
Luis Nishizawa and mexicanidad
Jaime Colson, Merengue
Amelia Peláez del Casal, Fishes
Mexican Muralism
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Mexican Muralism: Los Tres Grandes David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco
Diego Rivera
Diego Rivera, first and second floor murals of the Secretaría de Educación Pública
Diego Rivera, Stairwell and Third Floor “Court of Labor” at the SEP
The History of Mexico: Diego Rivera’s Murals at the National Palace
Sugar Cane
Man at the Crossroads
Man Controller of the Universe
Detroit Industry Murals
Calla Lilly Vendor (Vendedora de Alcatraces)
Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park
José Clemente Orozco, Dive Bomber and Tank
Surrealism
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Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo, introduction
Frieda and Diego Rivera​
The Two Fridas (Las dos Fridas)
Rosa Rolanda, Self-Portrait
Wifredo Lam
The Jungle
The Eternal Presence
Hector Hyppolite, Ogou Feray also known as Ogoun Ferraille
Constructivism
Geometric Abstraction in South America, an introduction
Joaquín Torres-García
Composition
Inverted America
Lygia Clark, Bicho
Breaking the Frame – the Concrete Art Movement
Painting in an Industrial Age – the Concrete Art Movement
The Challenge of a Straight Line – the Concrete Art Movement
Rhod Rothfuss, Yellow Quadrangle
Brazilian modernism
The origins of modern art in São Paulo, an introduction
Tarsila do Amaral, Abaporú
An Antidote for Social Amnesia: The Memory Space of the Cais do Valongo
Letícia Parente, Marca registrada
Hélio Oiticica, Parangolés
International style architecture
International Style architecture in Mexico and Brazil
Building Brasília
Photography
Martín Chambi, Juan de la Cruz Sihuana, Cuzco Studio
Lola Álvarez Bravo, Architectural Anarchy in Mexico City
José Yalenti, Architecture or Twilight
American art to WWII
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American Impressionism
Metcalf, Havana Harbor
When the department store was new: Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones, The Shoe Shop
Symbolism
Henry Ossawa Tanner
The Banjo Lesson
Angels Appearing before the Shepherds
The Good Shepherd
Ashcan School
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The Ashcan School, an introduction
George Luks, Hester Street
George Bellows
Pennsylvania Station Excavation
Both Members of This Club
Return of the Useless
John Sloan, Movies
291
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291—Little Galleries of the Photo Secession
Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage
Florine Stettheimer, Portrait of Alfred Stieglitz
Marsden Hartley, Portrait of a German Officer
Joseph Stella, The Voice of the City of New York Interpreted
Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold
Georgia O'Keeffe
Radiator Building—Night, New York
The Lawrence Tree
North American Modernism
Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Little Joe with Cow
Elsie Driggs, Blast Furnaces
Millard Sheets, Tenement Flats
Franklin Carmichael, Grace Lake
The American west
Stephen Mopope, U.S. Post Office Murals, Anadarko, OK
Stephen Mopope, Game of Skill
The American south and southwest
Robert Henri, Tom Po Qui (Water of Antelope Lake/Indian Girl/Ramoncita)
Walter Ufer, Hunger
The lure of the American Southwest: E. Martin Hennings, Rabbit Hunt
Velino Shije Herrera (Ma Pe Wi), Design, Tree and Birds
Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
Puebloan: Maria Martinez, Black-on-black ceramic vessel
Julian Martinez, Buffalo Dancers
Awa Tsireh’s Pottery Makers
Harlem Renaissance
Aaron Douglas, Aspiration
Jacob Lawrence
The Migration Series
Ambulance Call
Social Realism
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Raphael Soyer, Dancing Lesson
Todros Geller, Strange Worlds
Hale Woodruff, The Banjo Player
Grant Wood
American Gothic
Parson Weems' Fable
Alexandre Hogue, Crucified Land
Vertis Hayes, The Lynchers
Vertis Hayes, Juke Joint
Reginald Marsh, Wooden Horses
Ben Shahn
The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti
Miners' Wives
Contemporary American Sculpture
Romare Bearden, Factory Workers
Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
Horace Pippin
Horace Pippin, Mr. Prejudice
Josiah McElheny on Horace Pippin
Norman Rockwell, Rosie the Riveter
Eldzier Cortor, Southern Landscape
Sculpture
Frederick MacMonnies, Civic Virtue
Stone Mountain, Georgia
Alexander Calder, Mobile
Photography
Shigemi Uyeda’s Reflections on the Oil Ditch
Getty Conversations
Walker Evans, Subway Passengers, New York City
Ansel Adams: Visualizing a Photograph
Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother
Lotte Jacobi, Albert Einstein
Harold Edgerton, Milk-Drop Coronet Splash
Esther Bubley, Waiting for the Bus at the Memphis Terminal
Postwar American art
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Abstract Expressionism
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Finding meaning in abstraction
Abstract Expressionism, an introduction
What is: Abstract Expressionism?
Norman Lewis, Untitled
Willem de Kooning, Woman, I
Hedda Sterne, Number 3—1957
Lee Krasner, Untitled
Robert Motherwell, Elegy to the Spanish Republic No. 57
Jackson Pollock
Autumn Rhythm
Mural
The Case for Jackson Pollock
Why is that important? Looking at Jackson Pollock
The Painting Techniques of Jackson Pollock
Conservation: Jackson Pollock, One: Number 31, 1950
Paint Application Studies of Jackson Pollock’s Mural
Mark Rothko
No. 210/No. 211 (Orange), 1960
No. 3/No. 13
The Case for Mark Rothko
Mark Rothko (at MoMA)
Restoring Rothko
Barnett Newman
Onement, I
Barnett Newman at MoMA
The Painting Techniques of Barnett Newman
Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
Franz Kline
Franz Kline at MoMA
The Painting Techniques of Franz Kline
Beauford Delaney, Marian Anderson
Mark Bradford on Clyfford Still
New York School
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The Impact of Abstract Expressionism
Sari Dienes, Star Circle
Jasper Johns
Flag
White Flag
Robert Rauschenberg
Erased de Kooning Drawing
Canyon
Bed
Retroactive I
Robert Rauschenberg, Signs
Ed Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz, Useful Art #5: The Western Motel
Ad Reinhardt
Abstract Painting
Ad Reinhardt at MoMA
The Painting Techniques of Ad Reinhardt
Helen Frankenthaler
Mountains and Sea
The Bay
Frank Stella, The Marriage of Reason and Squalor
Postwar figurative art
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Thelma Streat, Girl with Bird
Charles Sebree, The Mystic
George Tooker, Highway
Jess, If All the World Were Paper and All the Water Sink
Benny Andrews, Flag Day
Romare Bearden, Three Folk Musicians
Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
Duane Hanson, Executive
Faith Ringgold, Dancing at the Louvre
Faith Ringgold, Ben
Ruthe Blalock Jones (Delaware, Shawnee, Peoria), Medicine Woman
Lin Tianmiao on Alex Katz’s Black and Brown Blouse
Postwar abstraction
Josef Albers, Homage to the Square
Ruth Asawa, Untitled
Rita Mae Pettway, Housetop (fractured medallion variation)
Alma Thomas, Lunar Rendezvous—Circle of Flowers
Sam Gilliam, Purpled (Chasers Series)
Photography
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Gordon Parks, Off on My Own (Harlem, New York)
LaToya Ruby Frazier on Gordon Parks’s Red Jackson
Garry Winogrand, Democratic Convention, 1960
Richard Avedon, Audrey Hepburn, New York, January 1967
New Topographics
How Photographs of Poverty in the Americas Ignited an International Battle over Propaganda
Richard Misrach’s early work and Border Cantos
Robert Frank
An interview with Robert Frank
Rashid Johnson on Robert Frank’s The Americans
Postwar European art
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France
Jean Dubuffet
A View of Paris: The Life of Pleasure
Childbirth
Switzerland
Alberto Giacometti, Walking Man II
Jean Tinguely, Homage to New York
Germany
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Joseph Beuys
Table with Accumulator (Tisch mit Aggregat)
Fat Chair
Feet Washing and Conceptual Performance
Bernd & Hilla Becher, Water Towers
Sigmar Polke
Bunnies
Watchtower series
Gerhard Richter
Uncle Rudi
Betty
Gerhard Richter, September
Gerhard Richter, The Cage Paintings (1-6)
Anselm Kiefer
Anselm Kiefer, Shulamite
An interview with Anselm Kiefer
Britain
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Barbara Hepworth, Pelagos
Describing Sculpture: Henry Moore's Reclining Figure
Francis Bacon, Triptych – August 1972
Lucian Freud, Standing by the Rags
Poland
Magdalena Abakanowicz, Androgyne III
Step inside Magdalena Abakanowicz’s forest of woven sculptures
Pop Art
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A beginner's guide
Contemporary Art, an introduction
Pop Art
Richard Hamilton, Just What is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, so Appealing?
Andy Warhol
Coca-Cola [3]
Marilyn Diptych
Why is this art? Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans
The Case for Andy Warhol
Gold Marilyn Monroe
Marisol, The Party
Claes Oldenburg
Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks
Floor Cake
James Rosenquist, F-111
Kay WalkingStick (Cherokee), Me and My Neon Box
Harry Fonseca
Two Coyotes with Flags
Roy Lichtenstein, Rouen Cathedral Set V
Conceptual + Performance Art
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Conceptual Art
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A beginner's guide
Conceptual Art, An Introduction
The Case for Conceptual Art
Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs
Martha Rosler, The Bowery in Two Inadequate Descriptive Systems
The Case for Yoko Ono
John Baldessari, I Will Not Make Any More Boring Art
Hans Haacke, Seurat’s “Les Poseuses” (small version), 1884-1975
Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii
Yayoi Kusama
Narcissus Garden
Yayoi Kusama (Tate)
Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths
Mónica Mayer, The Clothesline
Performance Art
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Performance Art, an Introduction
The Case for Performance Art
Black Mountain College
Shiraga Kazuo, Challenging Mud
Vito Acconci, Following Piece
Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Outside (July 23, 1973)
Gordon Matta-Clark, Splitting
Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present
Minimalism + Earthworks
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A beginner's guide
An introduction to Minimalism
The Case for Minimalism
The Case for Land Art
Carl Andre, Lever
Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty
Robert Morris
(Untitled) L-Beams
Robert Morris, Bodyspacemotionthings
Walter De Maria, The Lightning Field
Nicolás García Uriburu, Coloration of the Grand Canal, Venice
Donald Judd, Untitled
Richard Serra
Tilted Arc
Intersection II
Torqued Ellipse IV
Band
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, The Gates
Post Minimalism
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Alternative art spaces in NYC
Eva Hesse
The last work of Eva Hesse
Eva Hesse, Untitled (Rope Piece)
Eva Hesse, Untitled
Louise Bourgeois, Cumul I
Barbara Zucker, Mix, Stir, Pour (White Floor Piece)
Eleanor Antin, Carving: A Traditional Sculpture
Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party
Mary Kelly, Post-Partum Document
Jackie Winsor, #1 Rope
Lynda Benglis – ‘Form and Texture Create the Magic’
Chicano Art Movement
Royal Chicano Air Force (RCAF)
Self Help Graphics and Art
Arte Povera
Mario Merz, Giap’s Igloo
Michelangelo Pistoletto, Newspaper Sphere
Robert Colescott, I Gets a Thrill Too When I Sees De Koo
Senga Nengudi, Linda Goode Bryant and the Just Above Midtown Gallery
Colonial and postcolonial modernisms
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Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tshibumba Kanda Matulu, Le 30 juin 1960, Zaïre indépendant
Ethiopia
Skunder Boghossian, Night Flight of Dread and Delight
Battle of Adwa
Nigeria
Uche Okeke
Sudan
Ibrahim El-Salahi, Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams
Ibrahim El-Salahi , Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams 1 studio visit
Ibrahim El-Salahi, The Inevitable
Mali
Seydou Keïta, Untitled (Seated Woman with Chevron Print Dress)
Mickalene Thomas on Seydou Keïta
Turkey
Fahrelnissa Zeid – ‘She Was the East and the West’
South Asia
Amrita Sher-Gil, Self-Portrait as a Tahitian
Postwar Asia
China
Liu Chunhua, Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
Korea
Song Su-Nam, Summer Trees
Architecture, design, and dance
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A beginner's guide
What is: brutalism?
Vienna Secession
Josef Maria Olbrich, The Secession Building
Otto Wagner, Postal Savings Bank
The Wiener Werkstätte
New York skyscrapers & landmarks
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Cass Gilbert, Woolworth Building
Van Alen, The Chrysler Building
Rockefeller Center
A Landmark Decision: Penn Station, Grand Central, and the architectural heritage of NYC
International style
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Peter Behrens, Turbine Factory
Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye
Frank Lloyd Wright
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City
Fallingwater
Gordon Bunshaft for Skidmore Owings and Merrill, Lever House
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York City
Negotiating the past in Berlin: the Palast der Republik
American design
Libbey Glass Company, Punch Bowl
Connecticut Klan robe
Russel Wright, “American Modern” Pitchers
Glass Chair at the 1939 New York World’s Fair
Anni Albers and modern weaving
Indians of Canada Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal
Late Modernism/Post-Modernism
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Running in sneakers, the Judson Dance Theater
The Berlin Wall as a political symbol
Breuer, The Whitney Museum of American Art (then The Met Breuer, and now the Frick Madison)
Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Robert Venturi, House in New Castle County, Delaware
Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Bilbao
Zaha Hadid, MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain

by Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917/1964, porcelain urinal, paint (San Francisco Museum of Modern Art)

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A replica of this work at Tate

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Cite this page as: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, "Marcel Duchamp, Fountain," in Smarthistory, December 9, 2015, accessed June 7, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/marcel-duchamp-fountain/.

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