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Modernisms 1900-1980

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • An Introduction to photography in the early 20th century
    • Contemporary Art, an introduction
    • Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
    • Art and context: Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville and Malevich’s White on White
  • Key concepts
    • Modern art and reality
    • Expression and modern art
    • Primitivism and Modern Art
    • Formalism I: Formal Harmony
    • Formalism II: Truth to Materials
  • Fauvism + Expressionism
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    • Fauvism
      • Browse this content
      • Women in the Interior I Museums Without Borders
      • Fauvism, an introduction
      • Fauve Landscapes and City Views
      • André Derain, The Dance
      • Henri Matisse
        • Luxe, calme et volupté
        • Open Window, Collioure
        • Bonheur de Vivre
        • Dance I
        • The Red Studio
        • The Blue Window
        • Goldfish
        • The Piano Lesson
        • The illustrated book Jazz
    • Expressionism
      • Browse this content
      • Expressionism, an introduction
      • Expressionism as Nordic?
      • Der Blaue Reiter
      • Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
        • Self-Portrait As a Soldier
        • Street, Dresden
        • Street, Berlin
      • Paula Modersohn-Becker, Self-Portrait Nude with Amber Necklace, Half-Length I
      • Emil Nolde, Young Couple
      • Alexej von Jawlensky, Young Girl in a Flowered Hat
      • Vasily Kandinsky
        • Kandinsky, Apocalypse, Abstraction
        • Improvisation 28 (second version)
        • Klänge (Sounds)
      • Franz Marc and the animalization of art
      • Egon Schiele
        • Seated Male Nude (Self-Portrait)
        • Nazi looting: Egon Schiele’s Portrait of Wally
        • The Hermits
        • Wangechi Mutu on Egon Schiele
  • Cubism + early abstraction
    • Browse this content
    • The Case for Abstraction
    • Abstract art and Theosophy
    • Who created the first abstract artwork?
    • Cubism
      • Browse this content
      • Beginner’s guide to Cubism
        • Pablo Picasso and the new language of Cubism
        • Inventing Cubism
        • Cubism and multiple perspectives
        • Synthetic Cubism, Part I
        • Synthetic Cubism, Part II
        • Salon Cubism
      • Pablo Picasso
        • How to paint like Pablo Picasso (Cubism)
        • Picasso’s Early Work
        • The Old Guitarist, and the question of beauty
        • Guernica
        • Portrait of Gertrude Stein
        • Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
        • Three Women
        • The Reservoir, Horta de Ebro
        • Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
        • Still Life with Chair Caning
        • The Three Musicians
        • Guitar
      • Georges Braque
        • Le Viaduc à L’Estaque, (The Viaduct at L’Estaque)
        • Georges Braque, Violin and Palette
        • Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso: Two Cubist Musicians
        • The Portuguese
      • Cubist sculpture
        • Cubist Sculpture I
        • Cubist Sculpture II
      • Juan Gris, The Table
      • The Cubist City – Robert Delaunay and Fernand Léger
      • Fernand Léger
        • Contrast of Forms
    • Simultanism (Orphism)
      • Sonia Delaunay
      • Robert Delaunay
      • Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon
    • Russian avant-garde
      • Russian Neo-Primitivism: Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov
      • Kazimir Malevich, Black Square (1915)
      • Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: White on White
      • Kazimir Malevich and Cubo-Futurism
      • Suprematism, Part I: Kazimir Malevich
      • Suprematism, Part II: El Lissitzky
      • Constructivism, Part I
      • Constructivism, Part II
      • Tatlin’s Tower
      • Varvara Stepanova, The Results of the First Five-Year Plan
    • Purism
    • School of Paris
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      • Amedeo Modigliani, Young Woman in a Shirt
      • Constantin Brancusi
        • The Kiss
    • Photography
      • Henri Cartier-Bresson, Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare
      • Alexander Rodchenko, At the Telephone
    • De Stijl
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      • De Stijl, Part I: Total Purity
      • De Stijl, Part II: Near-Abstraction and Pure Abstraction
      • De Stijl, Part III: The Total De Stijl Environment
      • Piet Mondrian
        • Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow
        • Composition No. II, with Red and Blue
        • TateShots: Piet Mondrian
  • Italian art before WWI
    • Futurism
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      • Italian Futurism: An Introduction
      • Futurist Free Word Painting
      • Umberto Boccioni and the Futurist City
      • Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
      • Gino Severini, Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin
      • Giacomo Balla, Street Light
      • Carlo Carrà, Funeral of the Anarchist Galli
      • Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Horse
    • Metaphysical Art
      • Giorgio de Chirico, The Soothsayer’s Recompense
  • British art and literature
    • British Art and Literature During WWI
  • Dada + Surrealism
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    • Dada
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide to Dada
        • Introduction to Dada
        • Dada Manifesto
        • Dada Pataphysics
        • Dada Politics
        • Dada Collage
        • Dada Readymades
        • Dada Performance
      • Marcel Duchamp
        • Nude Descending a Staircase, No 2
        • Art as concept: In Advance of the Broken Arm
        • Fountain
        • The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
        • Boite-en-valise, Series F
        • Marcel Duchamp and the Viewer
      • Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale
      • Raoul Hausmann, Spirit of the Age: Mechanical Head
      • Dada’s “Aproximate Man”: A Portrait of Tristan Tzara (1919) by Marcel Janco
      • Hannah Höch,Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany
      • Francis Picabia, Ideal
    • Surrealism
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Surrealism, an introduction
        • The Case for Surrealism
        • Surrealism: Imagining A New World
        • Surrealism: Origins and Precursors
        • Surrealism and Psychoanalysis
        • Surrealist Techniques: Automatism
        • Surrealist Techniques: Subversive Realism
        • Surrealist Techniques: Collage
        • Surrealist Photography
        • Surrealist Exhibitions
        • Surrealism and Women
        • A brief guide to Egyptian Surrealism
      • Man Ray, The Gift
      • René Magritte, The Treachery of Images (Ceci n’est pas une pipe)
      • Salvador Dalí
        • The Persistence of Memory
        • Metamorphosis of Narcissus
      • Alberto Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.
      • Meret Oppenheim, Object (Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon)
      • André Masson, Battle of Fishes
  • German & Italian art between the wars
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    • Prints and photography
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      • Käthe Kollwitz, In Memoriam Karl Liebknecht
      • August Sander, Portraits
      • Umbo, The Roving Reporter
      • Horst P. Horst, Mainbocher Corset, Paris
      • Lotte Jacobi, Head of a Dancer
      • Gertrud Arndt, Self-Portrait with Veil
    • Bauhaus
      • Browse this content
      • The Bauhaus, an Introduction
      • The Bauhaus and Bau
      • The Bauhaus: Marcel Breuer
      • The Bauhaus: Marianne Brandt
      • Lyonel Feininger, Cathedral for Program of the State Bauhaus in Weimar
      • Paul Klee, Twittering Machine (Die Zwitscher-Maschine)
      • László Moholy-Nagy
        • Telephone Pictures
        • Photogram
        • Composition A.XX
        • Climbing the Mast
    • New Objectivity
      • Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) – An Introduction
      • Christian Schad, Self-Portrait
      • George Grosz, Remembering
    • Nazi & Fascist visual culture
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      • Paul Troost, House of (German) Art
      • Adolf Ziegler, The Four Elements: Fire, Water and Earth, Air
      • Art in Nazi Germany
      • What is: Degenerate Art?
      • Murals and Public Art in 1930s Rome
      • The Mausoleum of Augustus and the Piazza Augusto Imperatore in Rome
  • Latin American Modernism
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    • Beginner’s guide
      • Latin American art, an introduction
    • Early vanguards
      • Francisco Goitia, Tata Jesucristo
      • Luis Nishizawa and mexicanidad
      • Jaime Colson, Merengue
      • Amelia Peláez del Casal, Fishes
    • Mexican Muralism
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      • Mexican Muralism: Los Tres Grandes David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco
      • Diego Rivera
        • Diego Rivera, first and second floor murals of the Secretaría de Educación Pública
        • Diego Rivera, Stairwell and Third Floor “Court of Labor” at the SEP
        • Diego Rivera, third floor murals of the Secretaría de Educación Pública
        • The History of Mexico: Diego Rivera’s Murals at the National Palace
        • Sugar Cane
        • Man at the Crossroads
        • Man Controller of the Universe
        • Detroit Industry Murals
        • Calla Lilly Vendor (Vendedora de Alcatraces)
        • Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park
      • José Clemente Orozco, Dive Bomber and Tank
    • Surrealism
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      • Frida Kahlo
        • Frida Kahlo, introduction
        • Frieda and Diego Rivera​
        • The Two Fridas (Las dos Fridas)
      • Rosa Rolanda, Self-Portrait
      • Wifredo Lam
        • The Jungle
        • The Eternal Presence
      • Hector Hyppolite, Ogou Feray also known as Ogoun Ferraille
    • Constructivism
      • Geometric Abstraction in South America, an introduction
      • Joaquín Torres-García
        • Composition
        • Inverted America
      • Lygia Clark, Bicho
      • Breaking the Frame – the Concrete Art Movement
      • Painting in an Industrial Age – the Concrete Art Movement
      • The Challenge of a Straight Line – the Concrete Art Movement
      • Rhod Rothfuss, Yellow Quadrangle
    • Brazilian modernism
      • The origins of modern art in São Paulo, an introduction
      • Tarsila do Amaral, Abaporú
      • An Antidote for Social Amnesia: The Memory Space of the Cais do Valongo
      • Letícia Parente, Marca registrada
      • Hélio Oiticica, Parangolés
    • International style architecture
      • International Style architecture in Mexico and Brazil
      • Building Brasília
    • Photography
      • Martín Chambi, Juan de la Cruz Sihuana, Cuzco Studio
      • Lola Álvarez Bravo, Architectural Anarchy in Mexico City
      • José Yalenti, Architecture or Twilight
  • American art to WWII
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    • American Impressionism
      • Metcalf, Havana Harbor
      • When the department store was new: Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones, The Shoe Shop
    • Symbolism
      • Henry Ossawa Tanner
        • The Banjo Lesson
        • Angels Appearing before the Shepherds
        • The Good Shepherd
    • Ashcan School
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      • The Ashcan School, an introduction
      • George Luks, Hester Street
      • George Bellows
        • Pennsylvania Station Excavation
        • Both Members of This Club
        • Return of the Useless
      • John Sloan, Movies
    • 291
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      • 291—Little Galleries of the Photo Secession
      • Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage
      • Florine Stettheimer, Portrait of Alfred Stieglitz
      • Marsden Hartley, Portrait of a German Officer
      • Joseph Stella, The Voice of the City of New York Interpreted
      • Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold
      • Georgia O’Keeffe
        • Radiator Building—Night, New York
        • The Lawrence Tree
    • North American Modernism
      • Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Little Joe with Cow
      • Elsie Driggs, Blast Furnaces
      • Millard Sheets, Tenement Flats
      • Franklin Carmichael, Grace Lake
    • The American west
      • Stephen Mopope, U.S. Post Office Murals, Anadarko, OK
      • Stephen Mopope, Game of Skill
    • The American south and southwest
      • Robert Henri, Tom Po Qui (Water of Antelope Lake/Indian Girl/Ramoncita)
      • Walter Ufer, Hunger
      • The lure of the American Southwest: E. Martin Hennings, Rabbit Hunt
      • Velino Shije Herrera (Ma Pe Wi), Design, Tree and Birds
      • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
      • Puebloan: Maria Martinez, Black-on-black ceramic vessel
      • Julian Martinez, Buffalo Dancers
      • Awa Tsireh’s Pottery Makers
    • Harlem Renaissance
      • Aaron Douglas, Aspiration
      • Jacob Lawrence
        • The Migration Series
        • Ambulance Call
    • Social Realism
      • Browse this content
      • Raphael Soyer, Dancing Lesson
      • Todros Geller, Strange Worlds
      • Hale Woodruff, The Banjo Player
      • Grant Wood
        • American Gothic
        • Parson Weems’ Fable
      • Alexandre Hogue, Crucified Land
      • Vertis Hayes, The Lynchers
      • Vertis Hayes, Juke Joint
      • Reginald Marsh, Wooden Horses
      • Ben Shahn
        • The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti
        • Miners’ Wives
        • Contemporary American Sculpture
      • Romare Bearden, Factory Workers
      • Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
      • Horace Pippin
        • Horace Pippin, Mr. Prejudice
        • Josiah McElheny on Horace Pippin
      • Norman Rockwell, Rosie the Riveter
      • Eldzier Cortor, Southern Landscape
    • Sculpture
      • Frederick MacMonnies, Civic Virtue
      • Stone Mountain, Georgia
      • Alexander Calder, Mobile
    • Photography
      • Shigemi Uyeda’s Reflections on the Oil Ditch
        Getty Conversations
      • Walker Evans, Subway Passengers, New York City
      • Ansel Adams: Visualizing a Photograph
      • Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother
      • Lotte Jacobi, Albert Einstein
      • Harold Edgerton, Milk-Drop Coronet Splash
      • Esther Bubley, Waiting for the Bus at the Memphis Terminal
  • Postwar American art
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    • Abstract Expressionism
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      • Finding meaning in abstraction
      • Abstract Expressionism, an introduction
      • What is: Abstract Expressionism?
      • Norman Lewis, Untitled
      • Willem de Kooning, Woman, I
      • Hedda Sterne, Number 3—1957
      • Lee Krasner, Untitled
      • Robert Motherwell, Elegy to the Spanish Republic No. 57
      • Jackson Pollock
        • Autumn Rhythm
        • Mural
        • The Case for Jackson Pollock
        • Why is that important? Looking at Jackson Pollock
        • The Painting Techniques of Jackson Pollock
        • Conservation: Jackson Pollock, One: Number 31, 1950
        • Paint Application Studies of Jackson Pollock’s Mural
      • Mark Rothko
        • No. 210/No. 211 (Orange), 1960
        • No. 3/No. 13
        • The Case for Mark Rothko
        • Mark Rothko (at MoMA)
        • Restoring Rothko
      • Barnett Newman
        • Onement, I
        • Barnett Newman at MoMA
        • The Painting Techniques of Barnett Newman
        • Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
      • Franz Kline
        • Franz Kline at MoMA
        • The Painting Techniques of Franz Kline
      • Beauford Delaney, Marian Anderson
      • Mark Bradford on Clyfford Still
    • New York School
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      • The Impact of Abstract Expressionism
      • Sari Dienes, Star Circle
      • Jasper Johns
        • Flag
        • White Flag
      • Robert Rauschenberg
        • Erased de Kooning Drawing
        • Canyon
        • Bed
        • Retroactive I
        • Robert Rauschenberg, Signs
      • Ed Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz, Useful Art #5: The Western Motel
      • Ad Reinhardt
        • Abstract Painting
        • Ad Reinhardt at MoMA
        • The Painting Techniques of Ad Reinhardt
      • Helen Frankenthaler
        • Mountains and Sea
        • The Bay
      • Frank Stella, The Marriage of Reason and Squalor
    • Postwar figurative art
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      • Thelma Johnson Streat, Girl with Bird
      • Charles Sebree, The Mystic
      • George Tooker, Highway
      • Jess, If All the World Were Paper and All the Water Sink
      • Benny Andrews, Flag Day
      • Romare Bearden, Three Folk Musicians
      • Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
      • Duane Hanson, Executive
      • Faith Ringgold, Dancing at the Louvre
      • Faith Ringgold, Ben
      • Ruthe Blalock Jones (Delaware, Shawnee, Peoria), Medicine Woman
      • Lin Tianmiao on Alex Katz’s Black and Brown Blouse
    • Postwar abstraction
      • Josef Albers, Homage to the Square
      • Ruth Asawa, Untitled
      • Rita Mae Pettway, Housetop (fractured medallion variation)
      • Alma Thomas, Lunar Rendezvous—Circle of Flowers
      • Sam Gilliam, Purpled (Chasers Series)
    • Photography
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      • Gordon Parks, Off on My Own (Harlem, New York)
      • LaToya Ruby Frazier on Gordon Parks’s Red Jackson
      • Garry Winogrand, Democratic Convention, 1960
      • Richard Avedon, Audrey Hepburn, New York, January 1967
      • New Topographics
      • How Photographs of Poverty in the Americas Ignited an International Battle over Propaganda
      • Richard Misrach’s early work and Border Cantos
      • Robert Frank
        • An interview with Robert Frank
        • Rashid Johnson on Robert Frank’s The Americans
  • Postwar European art
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    • France
      • Jean Dubuffet
        • A View of Paris: The Life of Pleasure
        • Childbirth
    • Switzerland
      • Alberto Giacometti, Walking Man II
      • Jean Tinguely, Homage to New York
    • Germany
      • Browse this content
      • Joseph Beuys
        • Table with Accumulator (Tisch mit Aggregat)
        • Fat Chair
        • Feet Washing and Conceptual Performance
      • Bernd & Hilla Becher, Water Towers
      • Sigmar Polke
        • Bunnies
        • Watchtower series
      • Gerhard Richter
        • Uncle Rudi
        • Betty
        • Gerhard Richter, September
        • Gerhard Richter, The Cage Paintings (1-6)
      • Anselm Kiefer
        • Anselm Kiefer, Shulamite
        • An interview with Anselm Kiefer
    • Britain
      • Browse this content
      • Barbara Hepworth, Pelagos
      • Describing Sculpture: Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure
      • Francis Bacon, Triptych – August 1972
      • Lucian Freud, Standing by the Rags
    • Poland
      • Magdalena Abakanowicz, Androgyne III
      • Step inside Magdalena Abakanowicz’s forest of woven sculptures
  • Pop Art
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    • A beginner’s guide
      • Pop Art
    • Richard Hamilton, Just What is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, so Appealing?
    • Andy Warhol
      • Coca-Cola [3]
      • Marilyn Diptych
      • Why is this art? Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans
      • The Case for Andy Warhol
      • Gold Marilyn Monroe
    • Marisol, The Party
    • Claes Oldenburg
      • Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks
      • Floor Cake
    • James Rosenquist, F-111
    • Kay WalkingStick (Cherokee), Me and My Neon Box
    • Betye Saar, Liberation of Aunt Jemima
    • Harry Fonseca, Two Coyotes with Flags
    • Roy Lichtenstein, Rouen Cathedral Set V
  • Conceptual + Performance Art
    • Browse this content
    • Conceptual Art
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Conceptual Art, An Introduction
        • The Case for Conceptual Art
      • Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs
      • Martha Rosler
        • The Bowery in Two Inadequate Descriptive Systems
        • Semiotics of the Kitchen
      • The Case for Yoko Ono
      • John Baldessari, I Will Not Make Any More Boring Art
      • Hans Haacke, Seurat’s “Les Poseuses” (small version), 1884-1975
      • Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii
      • Yayoi Kusama
        • Narcissus Garden
        • Yayoi Kusama (Tate)
      • Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths
      • Mónica Mayer, The Clothesline
    • Performance Art
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      • Performance Art, an Introduction
      • The Case for Performance Art
      • Black Mountain College
      • Shiraga Kazuo, Challenging Mud
      • Vito Acconci, Following Piece
      • Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Outside (July 23, 1973)
      • Gordon Matta-Clark, Splitting
      • Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present
  • Minimalism + Earthworks
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    • A beginner’s guide
      • An introduction to Minimalism
      • The Case for Minimalism
      • The Case for Land Art
    • Carl Andre, Lever
    • Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty
    • Robert Morris
      • (Untitled) L-Beams
      • Robert Morris, Bodyspacemotionthings
    • Walter De Maria, The Lightning Field
    • Nicolás García Uriburu, Coloration of the Grand Canal, Venice
    • Donald Judd, Untitled
    • Richard Serra
      • Tilted Arc
      • Intersection II
      • Torqued Ellipse IV
      • Band
    • Christo and Jeanne-Claude, The Gates
  • Post Minimalism
    • Browse this content
    • Alternative art spaces in NYC
    • Melvin Edwards, Some Bright Morning
    • Eva Hesse
      • The last work of Eva Hesse
      • Untitled (Rope Piece)
      • Untitled
    • Louise Bourgeois, Cumul I
    • Barbara Zucker
      • Mix, Stir, Pour (White Floor Piece)
      • Time Signatures: Homage to Linda and Lucy. My Luminaries
    • Eleanor Antin, Carving: A Traditional Sculpture
    • Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party
    • Mary Kelly, Post-Partum Document
    • Olga de Amaral, El gran muro
    • Jackie Winsor, #1 Rope
    • Lynda Benglis – ‘Form and Texture Create the Magic’
    • Chicano Art Movement
      • Royal Chicano Air Force (RCAF)
      • Self Help Graphics and Art
      • Malaquías Montoya, Vote Register
      • Harry Gamboa Jr., À la Mode, from the Asco era
    • Arte Povera
      • Mario Merz, Giap’s Igloo
      • Michelangelo Pistoletto, Newspaper Sphere
    • Robert Colescott, I Gets a Thrill Too When I Sees De Koo
    • Senga Nengudi, Linda Goode Bryant and the Just Above Midtown Gallery
  • Colonial and postcolonial modernisms
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    • Democratic Republic of the Congo
      • Tshibumba Kanda Matulu, Le 30 juin 1960, Zaïre indépendant
    • Ethiopia
      • Skunder Boghossian, Night Flight of Dread and Delight
      • Battle of Adwa
    • Mali
      • Seydou Keïta, Untitled (Seated Woman with Chevron Print Dress)
      • Mickalene Thomas on Seydou Keïta
    • Nigeria
      • Uche Okeke
    • Puerto Rico
      • Ramón Frade, Our Daily Bread
      • Rafael Tufiño
        • La Plena
        • Goyita
    • South Asia
      • Amrita Sher-Gil, Self-Portrait as a Tahitian
    • Sudan
      • Ibrahim El-Salahi, Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams
      • Ibrahim El-Salahi , Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams 1 studio visit
      • Ibrahim El-Salahi, The Inevitable
    • Syria
      • Mahmoud Hammad, Arabic Writing no. 11
    • Turkey
      • Fahrelnissa Zeid – ‘She Was the East and the West’
  • Postwar Asia
    • China
      • Liu Chunhua, Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
    • Korea
      • Song Su-Nam, Summer Trees
  • Architecture, design, and dance
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • What is: brutalism?
    • Vienna Secession
      • Josef Maria Olbrich, The Secession Building
      • Otto Wagner, Postal Savings Bank
    • The Wiener Werkstätte
    • New York skyscrapers & landmarks
      • Browse this content
      • Ziggurats in the U.S.: the reception of Assyrian architecture in New York City
      • Cass Gilbert, Woolworth Building
      • Van Alen, The Chrysler Building
      • Rockefeller Center
      • A Landmark Decision: Penn Station, Grand Central, and the architectural heritage of NYC
    • International style
      • Browse this content
      • Peter Behrens, Turbine Factory
      • Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye
      • The White City of Tel Aviv 
      • Frank Lloyd Wright
        • Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City
        • Fallingwater
      • Gordon Bunshaft for Skidmore Owings and Merrill, Lever House
      • Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York City
      • Negotiating the past in Berlin: the Palast der Republik
    • American design
      • Libbey Glass Company, Punch Bowl
      • Connecticut Klan robe
      • Russel Wright, “American Modern” Pitchers
      • Glass Chair at the 1939 New York World’s Fair
      • Anni Albers and modern weaving
    • Indians of Canada Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal
    • Late Modernism/Post-Modernism
      • Browse this content
      • Running in sneakers, the Judson Dance Theater
      • The Berlin Wall as a political symbol
      • Breuer, The Whitney Museum of American Art (then The Met Breuer, and now the Frick Madison)
      • Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial
      • Robert Venturi, House in New Castle County, Delaware
      • Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Bilbao
      • Zaha Hadid, MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts

Modernisms 1900-1980

  • Browse this content
  • A beginner’s guide
    • An Introduction to photography in the early 20th century
    • Contemporary Art, an introduction
    • Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
    • Art and context: Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville and Malevich’s White on White
  • Key concepts
    • Modern art and reality
    • Expression and modern art
    • Primitivism and Modern Art
    • Formalism I: Formal Harmony
    • Formalism II: Truth to Materials
  • Fauvism + Expressionism
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    • Fauvism
      • Browse this content
      • Women in the Interior I Museums Without Borders
      • Fauvism, an introduction
      • Fauve Landscapes and City Views
      • André Derain, The Dance
      • Henri Matisse
        • Luxe, calme et volupté
        • Open Window, Collioure
        • Bonheur de Vivre
        • Dance I
        • The Red Studio
        • The Blue Window
        • Goldfish
        • The Piano Lesson
        • The illustrated book Jazz
    • Expressionism
      • Browse this content
      • Expressionism, an introduction
      • Expressionism as Nordic?
      • Der Blaue Reiter
      • Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
        • Self-Portrait As a Soldier
        • Street, Dresden
        • Street, Berlin
      • Paula Modersohn-Becker, Self-Portrait Nude with Amber Necklace, Half-Length I
      • Emil Nolde, Young Couple
      • Alexej von Jawlensky, Young Girl in a Flowered Hat
      • Vasily Kandinsky
        • Kandinsky, Apocalypse, Abstraction
        • Improvisation 28 (second version)
        • Klänge (Sounds)
      • Franz Marc and the animalization of art
      • Egon Schiele
        • Seated Male Nude (Self-Portrait)
        • Nazi looting: Egon Schiele’s Portrait of Wally
        • The Hermits
        • Wangechi Mutu on Egon Schiele
  • Cubism + early abstraction
    • Browse this content
    • The Case for Abstraction
    • Abstract art and Theosophy
    • Who created the first abstract artwork?
    • Cubism
      • Browse this content
      • Beginner’s guide to Cubism
        • Pablo Picasso and the new language of Cubism
        • Inventing Cubism
        • Cubism and multiple perspectives
        • Synthetic Cubism, Part I
        • Synthetic Cubism, Part II
        • Salon Cubism
      • Pablo Picasso
        • How to paint like Pablo Picasso (Cubism)
        • Picasso’s Early Work
        • The Old Guitarist, and the question of beauty
        • Guernica
        • Portrait of Gertrude Stein
        • Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
        • Three Women
        • The Reservoir, Horta de Ebro
        • Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
        • Still Life with Chair Caning
        • The Three Musicians
        • Guitar
      • Georges Braque
        • Le Viaduc à L’Estaque, (The Viaduct at L’Estaque)
        • Georges Braque, Violin and Palette
        • Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso: Two Cubist Musicians
        • The Portuguese
      • Cubist sculpture
        • Cubist Sculpture I
        • Cubist Sculpture II
      • Juan Gris, The Table
      • The Cubist City – Robert Delaunay and Fernand Léger
      • Fernand Léger
        • Contrast of Forms
    • Simultanism (Orphism)
      • Sonia Delaunay
      • Robert Delaunay
      • Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon
    • Russian avant-garde
      • Russian Neo-Primitivism: Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov
      • Kazimir Malevich, Black Square (1915)
      • Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: White on White
      • Kazimir Malevich and Cubo-Futurism
      • Suprematism, Part I: Kazimir Malevich
      • Suprematism, Part II: El Lissitzky
      • Constructivism, Part I
      • Constructivism, Part II
      • Tatlin’s Tower
      • Varvara Stepanova, The Results of the First Five-Year Plan
    • Purism
    • School of Paris
      • Browse this content
      • Amedeo Modigliani, Young Woman in a Shirt
      • Constantin Brancusi
        • The Kiss
    • Photography
      • Henri Cartier-Bresson, Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare
      • Alexander Rodchenko, At the Telephone
    • De Stijl
      • Browse this content
      • De Stijl, Part I: Total Purity
      • De Stijl, Part II: Near-Abstraction and Pure Abstraction
      • De Stijl, Part III: The Total De Stijl Environment
      • Piet Mondrian
        • Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow
        • Composition No. II, with Red and Blue
        • TateShots: Piet Mondrian
  • Italian art before WWI
    • Futurism
      • Browse this content
      • Italian Futurism: An Introduction
      • Futurist Free Word Painting
      • Umberto Boccioni and the Futurist City
      • Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
      • Gino Severini, Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin
      • Giacomo Balla, Street Light
      • Carlo Carrà, Funeral of the Anarchist Galli
      • Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Horse
    • Metaphysical Art
      • Giorgio de Chirico, The Soothsayer’s Recompense
  • British art and literature
    • British Art and Literature During WWI
  • Dada + Surrealism
    • Browse this content
    • Dada
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide to Dada
        • Introduction to Dada
        • Dada Manifesto
        • Dada Pataphysics
        • Dada Politics
        • Dada Collage
        • Dada Readymades
        • Dada Performance
      • Marcel Duchamp
        • Nude Descending a Staircase, No 2
        • Art as concept: In Advance of the Broken Arm
        • Fountain
        • The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
        • Boite-en-valise, Series F
        • Marcel Duchamp and the Viewer
      • Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale
      • Raoul Hausmann, Spirit of the Age: Mechanical Head
      • Dada’s “Aproximate Man”: A Portrait of Tristan Tzara (1919) by Marcel Janco
      • Hannah Höch,Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany
      • Francis Picabia, Ideal
    • Surrealism
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Surrealism, an introduction
        • The Case for Surrealism
        • Surrealism: Imagining A New World
        • Surrealism: Origins and Precursors
        • Surrealism and Psychoanalysis
        • Surrealist Techniques: Automatism
        • Surrealist Techniques: Subversive Realism
        • Surrealist Techniques: Collage
        • Surrealist Photography
        • Surrealist Exhibitions
        • Surrealism and Women
        • A brief guide to Egyptian Surrealism
      • Man Ray, The Gift
      • René Magritte, The Treachery of Images (Ceci n’est pas une pipe)
      • Salvador Dalí
        • The Persistence of Memory
        • Metamorphosis of Narcissus
      • Alberto Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m.
      • Meret Oppenheim, Object (Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon)
      • André Masson, Battle of Fishes
  • German & Italian art between the wars
    • Browse this content
    • Prints and photography
      • Browse this content
      • Käthe Kollwitz, In Memoriam Karl Liebknecht
      • August Sander, Portraits
      • Umbo, The Roving Reporter
      • Horst P. Horst, Mainbocher Corset, Paris
      • Lotte Jacobi, Head of a Dancer
      • Gertrud Arndt, Self-Portrait with Veil
    • Bauhaus
      • Browse this content
      • The Bauhaus, an Introduction
      • The Bauhaus and Bau
      • The Bauhaus: Marcel Breuer
      • The Bauhaus: Marianne Brandt
      • Lyonel Feininger, Cathedral for Program of the State Bauhaus in Weimar
      • Paul Klee, Twittering Machine (Die Zwitscher-Maschine)
      • László Moholy-Nagy
        • Telephone Pictures
        • Photogram
        • Composition A.XX
        • Climbing the Mast
    • New Objectivity
      • Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) – An Introduction
      • Christian Schad, Self-Portrait
      • George Grosz, Remembering
    • Nazi & Fascist visual culture
      • Browse this content
      • Paul Troost, House of (German) Art
      • Adolf Ziegler, The Four Elements: Fire, Water and Earth, Air
      • Art in Nazi Germany
      • What is: Degenerate Art?
      • Murals and Public Art in 1930s Rome
      • The Mausoleum of Augustus and the Piazza Augusto Imperatore in Rome
  • Latin American Modernism
    • Browse this content
    • Beginner’s guide
      • Latin American art, an introduction
    • Early vanguards
      • Francisco Goitia, Tata Jesucristo
      • Luis Nishizawa and mexicanidad
      • Jaime Colson, Merengue
      • Amelia Peláez del Casal, Fishes
    • Mexican Muralism
      • Browse this content
      • Mexican Muralism: Los Tres Grandes David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco
      • Diego Rivera
        • Diego Rivera, first and second floor murals of the Secretaría de Educación Pública
        • Diego Rivera, Stairwell and Third Floor “Court of Labor” at the SEP
        • Diego Rivera, third floor murals of the Secretaría de Educación Pública
        • The History of Mexico: Diego Rivera’s Murals at the National Palace
        • Sugar Cane
        • Man at the Crossroads
        • Man Controller of the Universe
        • Detroit Industry Murals
        • Calla Lilly Vendor (Vendedora de Alcatraces)
        • Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park
      • José Clemente Orozco, Dive Bomber and Tank
    • Surrealism
      • Browse this content
      • Frida Kahlo
        • Frida Kahlo, introduction
        • Frieda and Diego Rivera​
        • The Two Fridas (Las dos Fridas)
      • Rosa Rolanda, Self-Portrait
      • Wifredo Lam
        • The Jungle
        • The Eternal Presence
      • Hector Hyppolite, Ogou Feray also known as Ogoun Ferraille
    • Constructivism
      • Geometric Abstraction in South America, an introduction
      • Joaquín Torres-García
        • Composition
        • Inverted America
      • Lygia Clark, Bicho
      • Breaking the Frame – the Concrete Art Movement
      • Painting in an Industrial Age – the Concrete Art Movement
      • The Challenge of a Straight Line – the Concrete Art Movement
      • Rhod Rothfuss, Yellow Quadrangle
    • Brazilian modernism
      • The origins of modern art in São Paulo, an introduction
      • Tarsila do Amaral, Abaporú
      • An Antidote for Social Amnesia: The Memory Space of the Cais do Valongo
      • Letícia Parente, Marca registrada
      • Hélio Oiticica, Parangolés
    • International style architecture
      • International Style architecture in Mexico and Brazil
      • Building Brasília
    • Photography
      • Martín Chambi, Juan de la Cruz Sihuana, Cuzco Studio
      • Lola Álvarez Bravo, Architectural Anarchy in Mexico City
      • José Yalenti, Architecture or Twilight
  • American art to WWII
    • Browse this content
    • American Impressionism
      • Metcalf, Havana Harbor
      • When the department store was new: Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones, The Shoe Shop
    • Symbolism
      • Henry Ossawa Tanner
        • The Banjo Lesson
        • Angels Appearing before the Shepherds
        • The Good Shepherd
    • Ashcan School
      • Browse this content
      • The Ashcan School, an introduction
      • George Luks, Hester Street
      • George Bellows
        • Pennsylvania Station Excavation
        • Both Members of This Club
        • Return of the Useless
      • John Sloan, Movies
    • 291
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      • 291—Little Galleries of the Photo Secession
      • Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage
      • Florine Stettheimer, Portrait of Alfred Stieglitz
      • Marsden Hartley, Portrait of a German Officer
      • Joseph Stella, The Voice of the City of New York Interpreted
      • Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold
      • Georgia O’Keeffe
        • Radiator Building—Night, New York
        • The Lawrence Tree
    • North American Modernism
      • Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Little Joe with Cow
      • Elsie Driggs, Blast Furnaces
      • Millard Sheets, Tenement Flats
      • Franklin Carmichael, Grace Lake
    • The American west
      • Stephen Mopope, U.S. Post Office Murals, Anadarko, OK
      • Stephen Mopope, Game of Skill
    • The American south and southwest
      • Robert Henri, Tom Po Qui (Water of Antelope Lake/Indian Girl/Ramoncita)
      • Walter Ufer, Hunger
      • The lure of the American Southwest: E. Martin Hennings, Rabbit Hunt
      • Velino Shije Herrera (Ma Pe Wi), Design, Tree and Birds
      • Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), polychrome jar
      • Puebloan: Maria Martinez, Black-on-black ceramic vessel
      • Julian Martinez, Buffalo Dancers
      • Awa Tsireh’s Pottery Makers
    • Harlem Renaissance
      • Aaron Douglas, Aspiration
      • Jacob Lawrence
        • The Migration Series
        • Ambulance Call
    • Social Realism
      • Browse this content
      • Raphael Soyer, Dancing Lesson
      • Todros Geller, Strange Worlds
      • Hale Woodruff, The Banjo Player
      • Grant Wood
        • American Gothic
        • Parson Weems’ Fable
      • Alexandre Hogue, Crucified Land
      • Vertis Hayes, The Lynchers
      • Vertis Hayes, Juke Joint
      • Reginald Marsh, Wooden Horses
      • Ben Shahn
        • The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti
        • Miners’ Wives
        • Contemporary American Sculpture
      • Romare Bearden, Factory Workers
      • Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
      • Horace Pippin
        • Horace Pippin, Mr. Prejudice
        • Josiah McElheny on Horace Pippin
      • Norman Rockwell, Rosie the Riveter
      • Eldzier Cortor, Southern Landscape
    • Sculpture
      • Frederick MacMonnies, Civic Virtue
      • Stone Mountain, Georgia
      • Alexander Calder, Mobile
    • Photography
      • Shigemi Uyeda’s Reflections on the Oil Ditch
        Getty Conversations
      • Walker Evans, Subway Passengers, New York City
      • Ansel Adams: Visualizing a Photograph
      • Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother
      • Lotte Jacobi, Albert Einstein
      • Harold Edgerton, Milk-Drop Coronet Splash
      • Esther Bubley, Waiting for the Bus at the Memphis Terminal
  • Postwar American art
    • Browse this content
    • Abstract Expressionism
      • Browse this content
      • Finding meaning in abstraction
      • Abstract Expressionism, an introduction
      • What is: Abstract Expressionism?
      • Norman Lewis, Untitled
      • Willem de Kooning, Woman, I
      • Hedda Sterne, Number 3—1957
      • Lee Krasner, Untitled
      • Robert Motherwell, Elegy to the Spanish Republic No. 57
      • Jackson Pollock
        • Autumn Rhythm
        • Mural
        • The Case for Jackson Pollock
        • Why is that important? Looking at Jackson Pollock
        • The Painting Techniques of Jackson Pollock
        • Conservation: Jackson Pollock, One: Number 31, 1950
        • Paint Application Studies of Jackson Pollock’s Mural
      • Mark Rothko
        • No. 210/No. 211 (Orange), 1960
        • No. 3/No. 13
        • The Case for Mark Rothko
        • Mark Rothko (at MoMA)
        • Restoring Rothko
      • Barnett Newman
        • Onement, I
        • Barnett Newman at MoMA
        • The Painting Techniques of Barnett Newman
        • Representation and abstraction: looking at Millais and Newman
      • Franz Kline
        • Franz Kline at MoMA
        • The Painting Techniques of Franz Kline
      • Beauford Delaney, Marian Anderson
      • Mark Bradford on Clyfford Still
    • New York School
      • Browse this content
      • The Impact of Abstract Expressionism
      • Sari Dienes, Star Circle
      • Jasper Johns
        • Flag
        • White Flag
      • Robert Rauschenberg
        • Erased de Kooning Drawing
        • Canyon
        • Bed
        • Retroactive I
        • Robert Rauschenberg, Signs
      • Ed Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz, Useful Art #5: The Western Motel
      • Ad Reinhardt
        • Abstract Painting
        • Ad Reinhardt at MoMA
        • The Painting Techniques of Ad Reinhardt
      • Helen Frankenthaler
        • Mountains and Sea
        • The Bay
      • Frank Stella, The Marriage of Reason and Squalor
    • Postwar figurative art
      • Browse this content
      • Thelma Johnson Streat, Girl with Bird
      • Charles Sebree, The Mystic
      • George Tooker, Highway
      • Jess, If All the World Were Paper and All the Water Sink
      • Benny Andrews, Flag Day
      • Romare Bearden, Three Folk Musicians
      • Brummett Echohawk (Pawnee), An Island of Redbuds on the Cimarron
      • Duane Hanson, Executive
      • Faith Ringgold, Dancing at the Louvre
      • Faith Ringgold, Ben
      • Ruthe Blalock Jones (Delaware, Shawnee, Peoria), Medicine Woman
      • Lin Tianmiao on Alex Katz’s Black and Brown Blouse
    • Postwar abstraction
      • Josef Albers, Homage to the Square
      • Ruth Asawa, Untitled
      • Rita Mae Pettway, Housetop (fractured medallion variation)
      • Alma Thomas, Lunar Rendezvous—Circle of Flowers
      • Sam Gilliam, Purpled (Chasers Series)
    • Photography
      • Browse this content
      • Gordon Parks, Off on My Own (Harlem, New York)
      • LaToya Ruby Frazier on Gordon Parks’s Red Jackson
      • Garry Winogrand, Democratic Convention, 1960
      • Richard Avedon, Audrey Hepburn, New York, January 1967
      • New Topographics
      • How Photographs of Poverty in the Americas Ignited an International Battle over Propaganda
      • Richard Misrach’s early work and Border Cantos
      • Robert Frank
        • An interview with Robert Frank
        • Rashid Johnson on Robert Frank’s The Americans
  • Postwar European art
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    • France
      • Jean Dubuffet
        • A View of Paris: The Life of Pleasure
        • Childbirth
    • Switzerland
      • Alberto Giacometti, Walking Man II
      • Jean Tinguely, Homage to New York
    • Germany
      • Browse this content
      • Joseph Beuys
        • Table with Accumulator (Tisch mit Aggregat)
        • Fat Chair
        • Feet Washing and Conceptual Performance
      • Bernd & Hilla Becher, Water Towers
      • Sigmar Polke
        • Bunnies
        • Watchtower series
      • Gerhard Richter
        • Uncle Rudi
        • Betty
        • Gerhard Richter, September
        • Gerhard Richter, The Cage Paintings (1-6)
      • Anselm Kiefer
        • Anselm Kiefer, Shulamite
        • An interview with Anselm Kiefer
    • Britain
      • Browse this content
      • Barbara Hepworth, Pelagos
      • Describing Sculpture: Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure
      • Francis Bacon, Triptych – August 1972
      • Lucian Freud, Standing by the Rags
    • Poland
      • Magdalena Abakanowicz, Androgyne III
      • Step inside Magdalena Abakanowicz’s forest of woven sculptures
  • Pop Art
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • Pop Art
    • Richard Hamilton, Just What is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, so Appealing?
    • Andy Warhol
      • Coca-Cola [3]
      • Marilyn Diptych
      • Why is this art? Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans
      • The Case for Andy Warhol
      • Gold Marilyn Monroe
    • Marisol, The Party
    • Claes Oldenburg
      • Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks
      • Floor Cake
    • James Rosenquist, F-111
    • Kay WalkingStick (Cherokee), Me and My Neon Box
    • Betye Saar, Liberation of Aunt Jemima
    • Harry Fonseca, Two Coyotes with Flags
    • Roy Lichtenstein, Rouen Cathedral Set V
  • Conceptual + Performance Art
    • Browse this content
    • Conceptual Art
      • Browse this content
      • A beginner’s guide
        • Conceptual Art, An Introduction
        • The Case for Conceptual Art
      • Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs
      • Martha Rosler
        • The Bowery in Two Inadequate Descriptive Systems
        • Semiotics of the Kitchen
      • The Case for Yoko Ono
      • John Baldessari, I Will Not Make Any More Boring Art
      • Hans Haacke, Seurat’s “Les Poseuses” (small version), 1884-1975
      • Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii
      • Yayoi Kusama
        • Narcissus Garden
        • Yayoi Kusama (Tate)
      • Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths
      • Mónica Mayer, The Clothesline
    • Performance Art
      • Browse this content
      • Performance Art, an Introduction
      • The Case for Performance Art
      • Black Mountain College
      • Shiraga Kazuo, Challenging Mud
      • Vito Acconci, Following Piece
      • Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Outside (July 23, 1973)
      • Gordon Matta-Clark, Splitting
      • Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present
  • Minimalism + Earthworks
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • An introduction to Minimalism
      • The Case for Minimalism
      • The Case for Land Art
    • Carl Andre, Lever
    • Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty
    • Robert Morris
      • (Untitled) L-Beams
      • Robert Morris, Bodyspacemotionthings
    • Walter De Maria, The Lightning Field
    • Nicolás García Uriburu, Coloration of the Grand Canal, Venice
    • Donald Judd, Untitled
    • Richard Serra
      • Tilted Arc
      • Intersection II
      • Torqued Ellipse IV
      • Band
    • Christo and Jeanne-Claude, The Gates
  • Post Minimalism
    • Browse this content
    • Alternative art spaces in NYC
    • Melvin Edwards, Some Bright Morning
    • Eva Hesse
      • The last work of Eva Hesse
      • Untitled (Rope Piece)
      • Untitled
    • Louise Bourgeois, Cumul I
    • Barbara Zucker
      • Mix, Stir, Pour (White Floor Piece)
      • Time Signatures: Homage to Linda and Lucy. My Luminaries
    • Eleanor Antin, Carving: A Traditional Sculpture
    • Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party
    • Mary Kelly, Post-Partum Document
    • Olga de Amaral, El gran muro
    • Jackie Winsor, #1 Rope
    • Lynda Benglis – ‘Form and Texture Create the Magic’
    • Chicano Art Movement
      • Royal Chicano Air Force (RCAF)
      • Self Help Graphics and Art
      • Malaquías Montoya, Vote Register
      • Harry Gamboa Jr., À la Mode, from the Asco era
    • Arte Povera
      • Mario Merz, Giap’s Igloo
      • Michelangelo Pistoletto, Newspaper Sphere
    • Robert Colescott, I Gets a Thrill Too When I Sees De Koo
    • Senga Nengudi, Linda Goode Bryant and the Just Above Midtown Gallery
  • Colonial and postcolonial modernisms
    • Browse this content
    • Democratic Republic of the Congo
      • Tshibumba Kanda Matulu, Le 30 juin 1960, Zaïre indépendant
    • Ethiopia
      • Skunder Boghossian, Night Flight of Dread and Delight
      • Battle of Adwa
    • Mali
      • Seydou Keïta, Untitled (Seated Woman with Chevron Print Dress)
      • Mickalene Thomas on Seydou Keïta
    • Nigeria
      • Uche Okeke
    • Puerto Rico
      • Ramón Frade, Our Daily Bread
      • Rafael Tufiño
        • La Plena
        • Goyita
    • South Asia
      • Amrita Sher-Gil, Self-Portrait as a Tahitian
    • Sudan
      • Ibrahim El-Salahi, Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams
      • Ibrahim El-Salahi , Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams 1 studio visit
      • Ibrahim El-Salahi, The Inevitable
    • Syria
      • Mahmoud Hammad, Arabic Writing no. 11
    • Turkey
      • Fahrelnissa Zeid – ‘She Was the East and the West’
  • Postwar Asia
    • China
      • Liu Chunhua, Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
    • Korea
      • Song Su-Nam, Summer Trees
  • Architecture, design, and dance
    • Browse this content
    • A beginner’s guide
      • What is: brutalism?
    • Vienna Secession
      • Josef Maria Olbrich, The Secession Building
      • Otto Wagner, Postal Savings Bank
    • The Wiener Werkstätte
    • New York skyscrapers & landmarks
      • Browse this content
      • Ziggurats in the U.S.: the reception of Assyrian architecture in New York City
      • Cass Gilbert, Woolworth Building
      • Van Alen, The Chrysler Building
      • Rockefeller Center
      • A Landmark Decision: Penn Station, Grand Central, and the architectural heritage of NYC
    • International style
      • Browse this content
      • Peter Behrens, Turbine Factory
      • Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye
      • The White City of Tel Aviv 
      • Frank Lloyd Wright
        • Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City
        • Fallingwater
      • Gordon Bunshaft for Skidmore Owings and Merrill, Lever House
      • Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York City
      • Negotiating the past in Berlin: the Palast der Republik
    • American design
      • Libbey Glass Company, Punch Bowl
      • Connecticut Klan robe
      • Russel Wright, “American Modern” Pitchers
      • Glass Chair at the 1939 New York World’s Fair
      • Anni Albers and modern weaving
    • Indians of Canada Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal
    • Late Modernism/Post-Modernism
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      • Running in sneakers, the Judson Dance Theater
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Gerhard Richter, Betty

by Sal Khan and Dr. Steven Zucker

Gerhard Richter, Betty, 1988, oil on canvas, 102 x 72cm (Saint Louis Art Museum)

Cite this page as: Sal Khan and Dr. Steven Zucker, "Gerhard Richter, Betty," in Smarthistory, December 9, 2015, accessed December 8, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/gerhard-richter-betty/.
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